귀납주의

귀납주의 (inductivism)란 프랜시스 베이컨이 전통적으로 주장되는 사상을 파괴하고 과학적 방법의 전통적인 모델이다. 자연을 관찰하여 합법적인 법칙을 찾아내고 실험을 통하여 일반적으로 증명가능한 원리를 찾아내는 것이다. 또한 확증되지 못한 법칙들을 버리는 것이다. 법칙들은 확장되지만 조심스럽고 단기간적인 관찰을 넘어가서는 안된다. 전제들로부터 벗어나서 과학자는 자연의 원인과 물질의 구조를 점차적으로 발견하는 것이다.  
1740년에 데이비드 흄 은 인과관계를 추론할 수 있는 경험을 사용하는데 여러 장애들을 찾아냈다. 그는 귀납 자체가 정당화될 수 있는가라는 문제를 제시하였다.

같이 보기

• 프랜시스 베이컨
• 연역법

참고 문헌

• Andrews, David, Keynes and the British Humanist Tradition: The Moral Purpose of the Market (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Ayer, Alfred J, Language, Truth and Logic, 2nd edn (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1946 / New York: Dover, 1952).
• Avineri, Shlomo, "Hegel and nationalism", The Review of Politics, 1962 Oct;24(4):461–84.
• Avineri, Shlomo, Hegel's theory of the modern state (Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
• Avise, John C & Francisco J Ayala, eds, National Academy of Sciences, In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin (Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2009), pp 263–64.
• Bechtel, William, Philosophy of Science: An Overview for Cognitive Science (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, 1988).
• Bem, Sacha & Huib L de Jong, Theoretical Issues in Psychology: An Introduction, 2nd edn (London: Sage Publications, 2006).
• Birch, Anthony H, Nationalism and National Integration (London: Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989).
• Blaug, Mark, The Methodology of Economics: Or, How Economists Explain, 2nd edn (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• Bolotin, David, An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998).
• Broad, W J, "Paul Feyerabend: Science and the anarchist", Science, 1979 Nov 2;206(4418):534–37.
• Caldwell, Bruce, Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the 20th Century, rev edn (London: Routledge, 1994).
• Chakravartty, Anjan, "Scientific realism", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 edn), Edward N Zalta, ed.
• Crelinsten, Jeffrey, Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
• Delanty, Gerard, Social Science: Beyond Constructivism and Realism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), especially ch 1 "Positivism, science and the politics of knowledge".
• Entry "Hegel, Georg W F" in Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume 2 (San Diego & London: Academic Press, 2001).
• Fetzer, James, "Carl Hempel", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 edn), Edward N Zalta, ed.
• Flew, Antony G, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York: St Martin's Press, 1984).
• Friedman, Michael, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• Gattei, Stefano, Karl Popper's Philosophy of Science: Rationality without Foundations (New York: Routledge, 2009), ch 2 Science and philosophy, pp 28–30.
• Gauch, Hugh G Jr, Scientific Method in Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
• Gauntlett, David, Creative Explorations: New Approaches to Identities and Audiences (Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2007).
• Gillies, Donald, "Problem-solving and the problem of induction", in Rethinking Popper (Dordrecht: Springer, 2009), Zuzana Parusniková & Robert S Cohen, eds.
• Godfrey-Smith, Peter, Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
• Greenland, Sander, "Induction versus Popper: Substance versus semantics", International Journal of Epidemiology, 1998 Aug;27(4):543–8.
• Grundmann, Reiner & Nico Stehr, The Power of Scientific Knowledge: From Research to Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
• Hacohen, Malachi H, Karl Popper—The Formative Years, 1902–1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• Hetherington, John, "Role of theory and experimental design in multivariate analysis and mathematical modeling", §II "The evolution of postpositivist scientific method", pp 49-53, in Handbook of Applied Multivariate Statistics and Mathematical Modeling (San Diego & London: Academic Press, 2000), Howard E A Tinsley & Steven D Brown, eds.
• Hintikka, Jaako, "Logicism", in Philosophy of Mathematics (Burlington MA: North Holland, 2009), Andrew D Irvine, ed.
• Kidd, Ian J, "Rethinking Feyerabend: The 'worst enemy of science'?", PLoS Biology, 2011 Oct;9(10):e1001166.
• Landini, Gregory, Russell (New York: Routledge, 2011).
• Larvor, Brendan, Lakatos: An Introduction (New York: Routledge, 1998).
• Lipton, Peter, "The Medawar Lecture 2004: The truth about science", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 2005 Jun 29;360(1458):1259–69.
• Mattessich, Richard, ch 5 "The controversy around inductive logic", Instrumental Reasoning and Systems Methodology: An Epistemology of the Applied and Social Sciences (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing, 1978).
• McWherter, Dustin, The Problem of Critical Ontology: Bhaskar Contra Kant (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
• Lindberg, David C & Robert S Westman, eds, Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• Maxwell, Grover & Robert M Anderson Jr, Induction, Probability, and Confirmation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975).
• McMullin, Erman, ch 2 "Conceptions of science in the scientific revolution", in Lindberg & Westman, eds, Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge U P, 1990).
• Mill, John S, A System of Logic, Rationative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, Volume I (London: John W Parker, 1843).
• Misak, C J, Verificationism: Its History and Prospects (New York: Routledge, 1995).
• Mitchell, Helen B, Roots of Wisdom: A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, 6th edn (Boston: Wadsworth–Cengage Learning, 2011).
• Murzi, Mauro, "Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 12 Apr 2001 (last updated).
• Nola, Robert & Howard Sankey, eds, After Popper, Kuhn and Feyerabend: Recent Issues in Theories of Scientific Method (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000).
• Novick, Peter, That Noble Dream: The 'Objectivity Question' and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
• Oberheim, Eric, Feyerabend's Philosophy (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, 2006).
• Okasha, Samir, Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Pigliucci, Massimo & Boudry, Maarten, eds, Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
• Poston, Ted "Foundationalism", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 10 Jun 2010 (last updated).
• Psillos, Stathis, "On Van Fraassen's critique of abductive reasoning", The Philosophical Quarterly, 1996 Jan;46(182):31–47.
• Redman, Deborah A, The Rise of Political Economy as a Science: Methodology and the Classical Economists (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1997).
• Rothman, Kenneth J & Sander Greenland, Charles Poole, Timothy J Lash, ch 2 "Causation and causal inference", in Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008), Rothman, Greenland & Lash, eds.
• Russell, Bertrand, A History of Western Philosophy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1945 / New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945).
• Russell, Bertrand, The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell (New York: Routledge, 2009), ch 23 "The validity of inference", pp 157–64.
• Schliesser, Eric, "Hume's Newtonianism and anti-Newtonianism", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 edn), Edward N Zalta, ed.
• Seale, Clive, ed, Researching Society and Culture, 3rd edn (London: Sage Publications, 2012).
• Sgarbi, Marco, The Aristotelian Tradition and the Rise of British Empiricism (Dordrecht: Springer, 2013), ch 9.1 "Francis Bacon and the problem of induction", pp 167–68.
• Shanker, Stuart G, Philosophy of Science, Logic and Mathematics in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge, 1996).
• Simpson, David, "Francis Bacon (1561–1626)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 15 Jul 2005 (last updated).
• Stahl, William A & Robert A Campbell, Yvonne Petry, Gary Diver, Webs of Reality: Social Perspectives on Science and Religion (Piscataway NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
• Stewart, Jon ed, Hegel Myths and Legends (Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press, 1996).
• Torretti, Roberto, The Philosophy of Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• Uebel, Thomas, "Vienna Circle", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 edn), Edward N Zalta, ed.
• Wilkinson, Michael B & Hugh N Campbell, Philosophy of Religion for A2 Level (London & New York: Continuum Books, 2009).