사용자:Regurus/연습장

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History 편집

최초의 아일랜드어인 원시 아일랜드어는 기원후 4세기부터 오검 문자로 표기되었다. 이 문자는 아일랜드 섬 전역과 브리튼 섬 서해안에서 발견된다. 원시 아일랜드어는 5세기경에 고대 아일랜드어로 발전하였다. 고대 아일랜드어는 로마자로 표기되었고 라틴어로 된 기록의 주석을 통해 문증된다. 이 시기에 아일랜드어는 일부는 고대 웨일스어를 통해 교회 용어를 포함한 라틴어단어를 받아들였다. 이때 차용된 라틴어 단어의 예시로는 easpag(라틴어 episcopus(주교)에서 유래), Domhnach(dominica(일요일)에서 유래)이 있다.

10세기에 고대 아일랜드어는 중세 아일랜드어로 발전하였고, 아일랜드 섬과 스코틀랜드, 맨 섬에서 사용되었다. 얼스터 사이클을 포함한 중세 아일랜드어로 쓰인 많은 문학 작품들이 남아 있다. 12세기부터 중세 아일랜드어는 아일랜드에서 현대 아일랜드어로, 스코틀랜드어에서 스코틀랜드 게일어로, 맨 섬에서 맨어로 변화하기 시작했다.

12세기의 근대 아일랜드어는 아일랜드와 스코틀랜드 게일어권 문학의 기반이었다. 세흐툰 케틴과 같은 위대한 작가들의 작품으로 문증되는 현대 아일랜드어는 17세기부터 사용되기 시작하였다.

18세기부터 아일랜드 동부에서 아일랜드어의 사용이 중단되기 시작하였다. 이 언어 전이의 원인은 복잡하나 다음 몇 개의 이유로 요약할 수 있다.

  • 영국에 의한 아일랜드어 사용 비권장
  • 아일랜드 가톨릭교회의 영어 사용the Catholic church supporting the use of English over Irish.
  • 1750년대부터 이중언어화가 진행되고, 이로 인한 언어 전이language shift.[1]
 
The distribution of the Irish language in 1871

The change was characterised by diglossia (two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and transitional bilingualism (monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, the prohibition on Irish in schools had the sanction of parents.[2] Once it became apparent that emigration to the United States and Canada was likely for a large portion of the population, the importance of learning English became relevant. This allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. It has been estimated that, due to the immigration to the United States because of the Famine, anywhere from a quarter to a third of the immigrants were Irish speakers.[3]

Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.[4]

This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the Gaelic revival in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language.[5] The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature.

Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant Church of Ireland also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman Muircheartach Ó Cíonga, commissioned by Bishop Bedell, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising'" of the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival.[6]

  1. De Fréine, Seán (1978). 《The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality》. Irish Books & Media. ISBN 978-0-85342-516-8. 
  2. Ó Gráda 2013.
  3. O'Reilly, Edward (2015년 3월 17일). "The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York”. 《New-York Historical Society》. 2017년 7월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 7월 29일에 확인함. 
  4. See the discussion in Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 《An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870》. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-30274-0. 
  5. McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131.
  6. “The Irish language and the Church of Ireland”. 《Church of Ireland》. 2017년 7월 10일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 7월 29일에 확인함.