탐닉성 행동

탐닉 및 의존증 관련 용어^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
• 탐닉	addiction	보수자극과 관련되어 부정적 결과에도 불구하고 충동적 행동을 하는 것으로 특징지어지는 뇌기능 장애
• 탐닉성 행동	addictive behavior	보상과 보강 작용을 동시에 일으키는 행동
• 탐닉성 약물	addictive drug	보상과 보강 작용을 동시에 일으키는 약물
• 의존	dependence	자극에 대한 지속적 자극을 중단할 경우 금단증후군을 동반하는 적응 상태
• 내성	tolerance	약물을 정량 반복적으로 사용했을 때 효과가 감소하는 것
• 역내성	reverse tolerance	약물을 정량 반복적으로 사용했을 때 효과가 증가하는 것
• 약물 금단	drug withdrawal	약물의 반복적 사용을 중단했을 때 나타나는 증상
• 신체의존	physical dependence	지속적인 육체적 금단증상(피로감, 섬망 등)을 나타내는 의존
• 심리의존	psychological dependence	심리정신적 금단증상(불쾌감, 무쾌감 등)을 나타내는 의존
• 보강자극	reinforcing stimuli	자극을 받으면 행동을 반복할 가능성을 증가시키는 자극
• 보수자극	rewarding stimuli	뇌가 본질적으로 긍정적이고 욕망하고자 하는 것으로 받아들이는 자극
• 민감화	sensitization	자극에 반복적으로 노출됨으로써 자극에 대한 반응이 증폭되는 것
• 약물사용장애	substance use disorder	약물을 사용함으로써 임상적 기능적으로 심각한 해로움이나 고통을 유발하는 상태
		(편집 \| 역사)

탐닉성 행동(영어: addictive behavior)이란 보수작용과 보강작용을 동시에 일으키는 행동, 즉 그 행동을 하면 할수록 계속 더 하고 싶어지는(즉 탐닉을 일으키는) 행동이다. 탐닉성 행동으로 인한 탐닉을 행동탐닉이라고 한다.

탐닉성 행동과 강박적 행동은 비슷해 보이지만 다르다. 어떤 행동이 탐닉을 불러일으키려면 그것에 대한 보상작용이 수반되어야 한다. 하지만 강박장애는 보상이 굳이 주어지지 않아도 그 행동을 하려는 충동을 받는다.

각주 편집

↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). 〈Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders〉. Sydor A, Brown RY. 《Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience》 2판. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 364–375쪽. ISBN 9780071481274.
↑ Nestler EJ (December 2013). “Cellular basis of memory for addiction”. 《Dialogues Clin. Neurosci.》 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.
↑ “Glossary of Terms”. 《Mount Sinai School of Medicine》. Department of Neuroscience. 2015년 2월 9일에 확인함.
↑ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). “Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction”. 《N. Engl. J. Med.》 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

이 글은 심리학에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다.

[Addiction_glossary-1] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). 〈Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders〉. Sydor A, Brown RY. 《Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience》 2판. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 364–375쪽. ISBN 9780071481274.

[Cellular_basis-2] Nestler EJ (December 2013). “Cellular basis of memory for addiction”. 《Dialogues Clin. Neurosci.》 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

[Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3] “Glossary of Terms”. 《Mount Sinai School of Medicine》. Department of Neuroscience. 2015년 2월 9일에 확인함.

[Brain_disease-4] Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). “Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction”. 《N. Engl. J. Med.》 374 (4): 363–371. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

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