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[[파일:Soviet guerilla.jpg|thumb|300px|1943년, [[소비에트 유격대]].]]
'''파르티잔'''({{llang|ru|партизан}}, {{llang|en|partisan}})은 무장한 전사로서 정규부대의 정식부대원이 아니다. 한국에서는 파르티잔을 음차한 '''빨치산'''이라는 단어로도 부른다. 제복이나 계급장 등도 없기 때문에 인식 내지 판별이 어렵다. 파르티잔 전투는 거의 예외 없이 침략군 내지 정복군, 점령군, 식민주의자 등에 대한 방어 전쟁을 수행한다. 또한 내전이나 기타 국가 내부의 분쟁에서도 볼 수 있다. 파르티잔은 적어도 부분적으로 국민의 해방 요구에 응하여 전투 등을 수행한다.
The French term "partisan", derived from the Latin, was first used in the 17th century to describe the leader of a war-party. Techniques of partisan warfare were described in detail in Johann von Ewald's Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg (1789).[1]
The initial concept of partisan warfare involved the use of troops raised from the local population in a war zone (or in some cases regular forces) who would operate behind enemy lines to disrupt communications, seize posts or villages as forward-operating bases, ambush convoys, impose war taxes or contributions, raid logistical stockpiles, and compel enemy forces to disperse and protect their base of operations. This concept of partisan warfare would later form the basis of the "Partisan Rangers" of the American Civil War. In that war, Confederate States Army Partisan leaders, such as John S. Mosby, operated along the lines described by von Ewald (and later by both Jomini and Clausewitz). In essence, 19th-century American partisans were closer to commando or ranger forces raised during World War II than to the "partisan" forces operating in occupied Europe. Such fighters would have been legally considered uniformed members of their state's armed forces.
One of the first manuals of partisans' tactics in the 18th century was The Partisan, or the Art of Making War in Detachment...[2] by de Jeney, a Hungarian military officer who served in the Prussian Army as captain of military engineers during the Seven Years' War – published in London in 1760. Partisans in the mid-19th century were substantially different from raiding cavalry, or from unorganized/semi-organized guerrilla forces. Russian partisans played a crucial part in the downfall of Napoleon. Their fierce resistance and persistent inroads helped compel the French emperor to flee Russia in 1812.
During World War II the current definition of "partisan" became the dominant one[citation needed] — focusing on irregular forces in opposition to an attacking or occupying power. Soviet partisans, especially those active in Belarus, effectively harassed German troops and significantly hampered their operations in the region. As a result, Soviet authority was re-established deep inside the German-held territories. There were even partisan kolkhozes that raised crops and livestock to produce food for the partisans. The communist Yugoslav partisans were a leading force in the liberation of their country during the People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia.
By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe the enemy was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Jugoslavia.[3]
—Basil Davidson
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