사용자:배우는사람/문서:Flood myth: 두 판 사이의 차이
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=====Kumari kandam=====
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{{사용자:배우는사람/틀:Infobox fictional location
| name = Lemuria/ Kumari Kandam
| colour = #C0C0C0
| image = Ancientlemuria.jpg
| caption = Ancient Lemuria
| type = Hypothetical [[:en:lost lands|lost continent]], equated with the lost land of Kumari Kandam named in the ''Kanda Puranam'' and alluded to in [[:en:Sangam literature|Sangam literature]]
| people = Lemurians
}}
'''Kumari Kandam''' <ref>{{cite news|title=
Lemuria and Kumari Kandam|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lemuria-and-kumari-kandam/article482101.ece}}</ref> ([[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]:குமரிக்கண்டம், ''Kumarikkaṇṭam''; 30,000 BC – 16,000 BC) is the name of a supposed [[:en:lost lands|sunken landmass]] referred to in the ancient [[:en:Tamil literature|Tamil]] and [[:en:Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] [[:en:Matsya Purana|Matsya Purana]]. It is said to have been located in the [[:en:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]], south of present-day [[:en:Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari district]] at the southern tip of [[:en:Indian subcontinent|India]].
'''References in Tamil literature'''
According to the Matsya Purana, [[:en:Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] was the king of Dravidadesa land in Kumari Kandam. There are scattered references in [[:en:Sangam literature|Sangam literature]], such as [[:en:Kalittokai|Kalittokai]] 104, to how the sea took the land of the [[:en:Pandya Kingdom|Pandiyan]] kings, after which they conquered new lands to replace those they had lost.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|2004|p=143}}</ref> There are also references to the rivers Pahruli and Kumari, that are said to have flowed in a now-submerged land.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|2000|p=584}}</ref> The [[:en:Silappadhikaram|Silappadhikaram]], one of [[:en:the Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature|the Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature]] written in first few centuries [[:en:Common Era|CE]], states that the "cruel sea" took the Pandiyan land that lay between the rivers Pahruli and the mountainous banks of the Kumari, to replace which the Pandiyan king conquered lands belonging to the Chola and Chera kings (Maturaikkandam, verses 17-22). Adiyarkkunallar, a 12th century commentator on the epic, explains this reference by saying that there was once a land to the south of the present-day [[:en:Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], which stretched for 700 ''kavatam'' from the Pahruli river in the north to the Kumari river in the south. As the modern equivalent of a kavatam is unknown, estimates of the size of the lost land vary from {{convert|1400|mi|km}} to {{convert|7000|mi|km}} in length, to others suggesting a total ''area'' of 6-7,000 square miles, or smaller still an area of just a few villages.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|title=The lost land of Lemuria: fabulous geographies, catastrophic histories|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24440-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=elYyJuYuAhwC&pg=PA205&dq=Kavatam+measurement#v=onepage&q=kavatam&f=false|accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref>
This land was divided into 49 nadu, or territories, which he names as seven coconut territories (''elutenga natu''), seven Madurai territories (''elumaturai natu''), seven old sandy territories (''elumunpalai natu''), seven new sandy territories (''elupinpalai natu''), seven mountain territories (''elukunra natu''), seven eastern coastal territories (''elukunakarai natu'') and seven dwarf-palm territories (''elukurumpanai natu''). All these lands, he says, together with the many-mountained land that began with KumariKollam, with forests and habitations, were submerged by the sea.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Two of these Nadus or territories were supposedly parts of present-day [[:en:Kollam|Kollam]] and [[:en:Kanyakumari|Kanyakumari]] districts.
None of these texts name the land "Kumari Kandam" or "Kumarinadu", as is common today. The only similar pre-modern reference is to a "Kumari Kandam" (written குமரிகண்டம், rather than குமரிக்கண்டம் as the land is called in modern Tamil), which is named in the medieval Tamil text ''Kantapuranam'' either as being one of the nine continents,<ref>Madras Tamil lexicon, [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3074.tamillex குமரிகண்டம்]</ref> or one of the nine divisions of India and the only region not to be inhabited by barbarians.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|2000|p=582}}</ref> 19th and 20th century Tamil revivalist movements, however, came to apply the name to the territories described in Adiyarkkunallar's commentary to the Silappadhikaram.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1999|p97}}</ref> They also associated this territory with the references in the [[:en:Tamil Sangams|Tamil Sangams]], and said that the fabled cities of southern Madurai (Ten Madurai) and Kapatapuram where the first two Sangams were said to be held were located on Kumari Kandam.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Lemuria Myth|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2808/stories/20110422280809000.htm|accessdate=|newspaper=Frontline|date=9 April 2011|location=India}}</ref> These sangams may have overlapped in parallel to the third historic sangam; the second century BCE [[:en:Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription|Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription]] detailing the ''thiraLi muRi'' (written agreement of the assembly) was excavated a few miles from the coast of the historic [[:en:Tenavaram temple|Tenavaram temple]], Matara, [[:en:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]].
'''Modern revival'''
[[File:Kumari Kandam map.png|thumb|300px|Kumari Kandam, as identified with [[:en:Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]]]]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [[:en:Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalists]] came to identify Kumari Kandam with [[:en:Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]], a "lost continent" posited in the 19th century to account for discontinuities in [[:en:biogeography|biogeography]]. In these accounts, Kumari Kandam became the "[[:en:cradle of civilization|cradle of civilization]]", the origin of human languages in general and the [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil language]] in particular.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/view/178/183|title=Lost land and the myth of Kumari kandam|author=S.C.Jayakaran|year=2004|work= |publisher=Indian Folklore Research Journal|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> These ideas gained notability in Tamil academic literature over the first decades of the 20th century, and were popularized by the [[:en:Tanittamil Iyakkam|Tanittamil Iyakkam]], notably by [[:en:autodidactism|self-taught]] Dravidologist [[:en:Devaneya Pavanar|Devaneya Pavanar]], who held that all languages on earth were merely corrupted Tamil dialects.
R. Mathivanan, then Chief Editor of the Tamil Etymological Dictionary Project of the Government of Tamil Nadu, in 1991 claimed to have deciphered the still undeciphered [[:en:Indus script|Indus script]] as Tamil, following the methodology recommended by his teacher [[:en:Devaneya Pavanar|Devaneya Pavanar]], presenting the following timeline (cited after Mahadevan 2002):
:ca. [[:en:Middle Paleolithic|200,000 to 50,000 BC]]: evolution of "the Tamilian or ''Homo Dravida''",
:ca. 200,000 to 100,000 BC: beginnings of the Tamil language
:50,000 BC: Kumari Kandam civilisation
:[[:en:Upper Paleolithic|20,000 BC]]: A lost Tamil culture of the [[:en:Easter Island|Easter Island]] which had an advanced civilisation
:16,000 BC: Lemuria submerged
:[[:en:7th millennium BC|6087 BC]]: Second Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
:[[:en:31st century BC|3031 BC]]: A Chera prince in his wanderings in the Solomon Islands saw wild sugarcane and started cultivation in Present Tamil nadu.
:1780 BC: The Third Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king
:7th century BC: [[:en:Tolkappiyam|Tolkappiyam]] (the earliest known extant Tamil grammar)
'''Popular culture'''
* Kumari Kandam appeared in the ''[[:en:The Secret Saturdays|The Secret Saturdays]]'' episodes "The King of Kumari Kandam" and "The Atlas Pin." This version is a city on the back of a giant sea serpent with its inhabitants all fish people.<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_King_of_Kumari_Kandam.html?id=5_yCu9lO6HsC Google Books - The King of Kumari Kandam]</ref>
'''Loss and imagination'''
Sumathi Ramaswamy's book, ''The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories'' (2004) is a theoretically sophisticated study of the Lemuria legends that widens the discussion beyond previous treatments, looking at Lemuria narratives from nineteenth-century Victorian-era science to Euro-American occultism, colonial, and post colonial India. Ramaswamy discusses particularly how cultures process the experience of loss.
'''See also'''
* [[:en:Founding myth|Founding myth]]
* [[:en:Atlantis|Atlantis]]
* [[:en:Silappatikaram|Silappatikaram]]
* [[:en:Manimekalai|Manimekalai]]
* [[:en:Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria (continent)]]
* [[:en:Adam's Bridge|Adam's Bridge]]
* [[:en:Sundaland|Sundaland]]
'''References'''
*[[:en:Iravatham Mahadevan|Iravatham Mahadevan]], ''Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995-2000)'' EJVS (ISSN 1084-7561) vol. 8 (2002) issue 1 (March 8).[http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt]
*{{Citation | last=Ramaswamy | first=Sumathi | title=Catastrophic Cartographies: Mapping the Lost Continent of Lemuria | journal=Representations | year=1999 | pages=92–129 | doi=10.1525/rep.1999.67.1.01p0048w | volume=67 | issue=67}}
*{{Citation | last=Ramaswamy | first=Sumathi | title=History at Land's End: Lemuria in Tamil Spatial Fables | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | year=2000 | volume=59 | issue=3 | pages=575–602 | doi=10.2307/2658944 | jstor=2658944 | publisher=The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 59, No. 3}}
*{{Citation | last=Ramaswamy | first=Sumathi | title=The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories | year=2004 | publisher=University of California Press | place=Berkeley | isbn=0-520-24440-0}}
'''External links'''
* [http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=13862 Map of Kumari Kandam as per folklore]
* [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/reviews/atlantis.html An Atlantis in the Indian Ocean]
* [http://www.madurai.com/sangam.htm Tamil Sangams]* [http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/mirrors/vv/literature/tlang.html A short account on Tamil and (Tamil literary) history by C. V. Narasimhan]
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