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====Andaman Islands (India)====
*[[:en:Puluga|Puluga]]
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'''Pūluga''' (or '''Puluga''') is the [[:en:Creator deity|creator]] in the [[:en:religion|religion]] of the indigenous inhabitants of the [[:en:Andaman Islands|Andaman Islands]]. According to Andaman mythology, Puluga ceased to visit the people when they became remiss of the commands given to them at the creation. Then, without further warning he sent a devastating flood. Only four people survived this flood: two men, Loralola and Poilola, and two women, Kalola and Rimalola. When they landed they found they had lost their fire and all living things had perished. Puluga then recreated the animals and plants but does not seem to have given any further instructions, nor did he return the fire to the survivors.<ref>[http://andaman.org/BOOK/chapter23/text23.htm Myths and Legends of the Andamanese]</ref>
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{{사용자:배우는사람/틀:Infobox islands
| name = Andaman Islands
| native name = <!-- or local name to remove the "native name:" prefix -->
| sobriquet = <!-- or nickname -->
| image name = Andaman Islands.PNG
| image size =
| image caption = Location of the Andaman Islands.
| image alt =
| map caption =
| location = [[:en:Bay of Bengal|Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|30|N|92|45|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline}}
| archipelago = [[:en:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| total islands = 572
| major islands = [[:en:North Andaman Island|North Andaman Island]], [[:en:Little Andaman|Little Andaman]], [[:en:Middle Andaman Island|Middle Andaman Island]]
| area km2 = 8249
| area footnotes =
| rank =
| length km = <!-- or length m -->
| length footnotes =
| width km = <!-- or width m -->
| width footnotes =
| coastline km = <!-- or coastline m -->
| coastline footnotes =
| elevation m = 732
| elevation footnotes =
| highest mount = Saddle Peak
| country = India
| country admin divisions title = Union Territory
| country admin divisions = [[:en:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| country admin divisions title 1 =
| country admin divisions 1 =
| country admin divisions title 2 =
| country admin divisions 2 =
| country capital = [[:en:Port Blair|Port Blair]]
| country largest city =
| country largest city population =
| country leader title =
| country leader name =
| demonym =
| population = [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_ani.html 343,125]
| population as of = 2011
| density km2 = 48
| density footnotes =
| ethnic groups = Mainland Indians<br>[[:en:Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]<br>[[:en:Onge people|Onge]]<br>[[:en:Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]<br>[[:en:Great Andamanese people|Great Andamanese]]
| website = www.and.nic.in
| additional info =
}}
[[Image:Andaman nicobar 76.jpg|thumb|Detailed map of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
The '''Andaman Islands''' are a group of [[:en:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] [[:en:archipelago|archipelagic]] islands in the [[:en:Bay of Bengal|Bay of Bengal]], between the Indian peninsula to the west and [[:en:Burma|Burma]] to the north and east. Most of the islands are part of the [[:en:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] [[:en:Union Territory|Union Territory]] of India, while a small number in the north of the archipelago belong to Burma such as the [[:en:Coco Islands|Coco Islands]].
'''History'''
[[Image:Andamanese comparative distribution.png|thumb|Comparative distributions of Andamanese indigenous peoples, pre-18C vs present-day]]
'''Early inhabitants'''
The Andaman islands have been inhabited for several thousand years, at the very least. The earliest [[:en:archaeology|archaeological]] evidence yet documented goes back some 2,200 years; however, the indications from [[:en:genetics|genetic]], [[:en:culture|cultural]] and isolation studies suggests that it may have been in the [[:en:Middle Paleolithic|Middle Paleolithic]].<ref>Palanichamy, Malliya G. Suraksha Agrawal, Yon-Gang Yao, Quing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Faisal Khan, Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri, and Ya-Ping Zhang. 2006. Comment on "Reconstructing the Origin of Andaman Islanders. ''Science'' 311:470 (27 January 2006). Andamanese,Tamil and Malayalam are the major languages spoken here.</ref> The indigenous [[:en:Andamanese people|Andamanese people]] appear to have lived on the islands in substantial isolation from that time until the 18th century CE.
The Andamans are theorized to be a key stepping stone in a [[:en:Great Coastal Migration|great coastal migration]] of humans from [[:en:Africa|Africa]] via the [[:en:Arabian peninsula|Arabian peninsula]], along the coastal regions of the Indian mainland and towards [[:en:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], [[:en:Japan|Japan]] and [[:en:Oceania|Oceania]].<ref name="wells2002">{{Cite book | title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey | author=Spencer Wells | year=2002 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-11532-X | url=http://books.google.com/?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC | quote=''... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route va India ...'' | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
'''Traveler reports'''
The name of the Andaman Islands is ancient. A theory that became prevalent since the late 19th century is that it derives from Hanuman, the [[:en:Malay language|Malay]] form of [[:en:Hanuman|Hanuman]], the [[:en:Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] name of the [[:en:Hinduism|Indian]] monkey-god.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=R. C.|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series: Andaman and Nicobar Islands|year=Reprint: 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|pages=6|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=M_47kfxz4ogC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9788120608764}}</ref><ref name="hunter1908">{{Cite journal | title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |author=William Wilson Hunter, James Sutherland Cotton, Richard Burn, William Stevenson Meyer | publisher=Great Britain India Office, Clarendon Press | year=1908 | isbn= | url=http://books.google.com/?id=TgC2AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... The name has always been in historical times some form of Andaman, which more than probably represents Handuman, the Malay from Hanuman, treating the islands as the abode of the Hindu mythological monkey people or savage aboriginal ...'' | isbn-status=May be invalid — please double check | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
The name first appears in the work of [[:en:Arab people|Arab]] geographers of the 9th century (Soleyman in 851).{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} It is possible that ancient geographers like [[:en:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] also knew of the Andamans but referred to them by a different name. The [[:en:Persian people|Persian]] navigator Buzurg [[:en:Ibn Shahriyar|ibn Shahriyar]] of Ramhormuz, in his 10th century book ''Ajaib al-Hind'' (''[[:en:Livre des merveilles de l'Inde|The wonders of India]]'') described the islands as being inhabited by fierce [[:en:cannibal|cannibal]]istic tribes. The book also mentions an island he called ''Andaman al-Kabir'' (''Great Andaman'').<ref name="chakravarti1998">{{Cite book | title=India and South-East Asia Socio-Econo-Cultural Contacts: Socio-econo-cultural Contacts | author=Adhir Chakravarti, Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya | year=1998 | accessdate =2008-11-16 | publisher=Punthi Pustak | isbn=81-86791-14-0 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLtAAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... The Ajaib al- Hind of Buzurg (c. AD 1000) mentions an island named Andaman al-Kabir ...'' | isbn-status=May be invalid — please double check | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="shahriyar1928">{{Cite journal | title=The Book of the Marvels of India: from the Arabic | author=Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, translated by: L. Marcel Devic and Peter Quennell | year=1928 | publisher=G. Routledge & sons | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
The Andaman and Nicobar islands are called ''Timaittivu'' ("impure islands" in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]) in [[:en:Chola Dynasty|Chola Dynasty]] chronicles.<ref name="goi1908">{{Cite journal | title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer |author=Government of India | publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta | year=1908 | isbn= | url=http://books.google.com/?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 AD, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as Timaittivu, ''Islands of Impurity'' and as the abode of cannibals ...'' | isbn-status=May be invalid — please double check | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
[[:en:Marco Polo|Marco Polo]] briefly mentions the Andamans (calling them ''Angamanain''), though it is uncertain whether he visited the islands and if he did, whether he met the natives, because he describes them as having heads like dogs.<ref name="cavalli-sforza1995">{{Cite book | title=The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution | author=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco Cavalli-Sforza | publisher=Basic Books | year=1995 | isbn=0-201-44231-0 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C | quote=''... Marco Polo said they were fearsome, but, because he also says they had dogs' heads, I doubt he had been to the islands himself ...'' | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=The Travels of Marco Polo | author=Marco Polo (Henry Yule, trans.) | url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_13 | quote = And I assure you all the men of this Island of Angamanain have heads like dogs, and teeth and eyes likewise; in fact, in the face they are all just like big mastiff dogs! | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Another Italian traveler, [[:en:Niccolò de' Conti|Niccolò de' Conti]] (c. 1440), mentioned the islands and said that the name means "Island of Gold".
'''Chola empire'''
From 800 to 1200 AD, the [[:en:Tamil people|Tamil]] [[:en:Chola dynasty|Chola dynasty]] created an empire that eventually extended from southeastern peninsular India to parts of [[:en:Malaysia|Malaysia]].<ref name="bingham1964">{{Cite journal | title=A History of Asia |author=Woodbridge Bingham, Hilary Conroy, Frank William Iklé | publisher=Allyn and Bacon | year=1964 | isbn= | url=http://books.google.com/?id=r2ILAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... Maldives, Nicobar, and Andaman islands all were brought under the sway of its navy. In the Tamil peninsula itself Chola subdued the kingdoms of Pandya ...'' | isbn-status=May be invalid — please double check | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> [[:en:Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola I]] (1014 to 1042 CE) occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to use them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the [[:en:Srivijaya|Sriwijaya empire]] (a Hindu-[[:en:Malay People|Malay]] empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia).
'''Maratha empire'''
The [[:en:Maratha Empire|Maratha]] admiral [[:en:Kanhoji Angre|Kanhoji Angre]] used the Andamans as a base and "fought the British off these islands until his death in 1729." <ref name="olivierblaise">{{Cite journal | title=Andaman Islands, India |author=Olivier Blaise | publisher=PictureTank | url=http://www.picturetank.com/___/series/ff5d5b4d962b08bc130471b877292c58/en/Andaman_Isl.,_India_(1).html | quote=''... Kanhoji Angre, a Maratha admiral had his base on the island in the early 18th century. From there, he attacked passing Portuguese, Dutch and English merchant vessels. Kanhoji Angre was never defeated. He died in 1729. The British established their first colony in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1789, which was abandoned in 1796 ...'' | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="nomani2004">{{Cite book | title=Tantrika: Traveling the Road of Divine Love |author=Asra Nomani | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2004 | isbn=0-06-251714-7 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=lvZHqSnWLPsC | quote=''... A Maratha admiral, Kanhoji Angre, fought the British off these islands until his death in 1729 ...'' | isbn-status=May be invalid — please double check | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>
'''British colonization and penal colony'''
In 1789, the government of [[:en:Bengal|Bengal]] established a naval base and [[:en:penal colony|penal colony]] on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of [[:en:South Andaman Island|Great Andaman]]. The settlement is now known as [[:en:Port Blair|Port Blair]] (after the [[:en:Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]] lieutenant [[:en:Archibald Blair|Archibald Blair]] who founded it). After two years, the colony was moved to the northeast part of [[:en:North Andaman Island|Great Andaman]] and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral [[:en:William Cornwallis|William Cornwallis]]. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.<ref name="olivierblaise" />
In 1824, Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the [[:en:First Burmese War|First Burmese War]]. In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives, alarming the British government. In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a [[:en:Cellular Jail|convict establishment]], but the [[:en:Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion of 1857]] forced a delay in its construction. However, because the rebellion gave the British so many prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison urgently necessary. Construction began in November 1857 at Port Blair using inmates' labor, avoiding the vicinity of a salt swamp that seemed to have been the source of many of the earlier problems at Port Cornwallis.
In 1867, the ship ''Nineveh'' wrecked on the reef of [[:en:North Sentinel Island|North Sentinel Island]]. The 86 survivors reached the beach in the ship's boats. On the third day, they were attacked with iron-tipped spears by naked islanders. One person from the ship escaped in a boat and the others were later rescued by a British Royal Navy ship.<ref name="Goodheart">{{cite news | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28578579_ITM | work=American Scholar | title=The Last Island of the Savages | date=22 September 2000}}</ref>
For some time, sickness and mortality were high, but [[:en:Land reclamation|swamp reclamation]] and extensive forest clearance continued. The Andaman colony became notorious with the murder of the Viceroy [[:en:Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]], on a visit to the settlement (8 February 1872), by a Muslim convict, a [[:en:Pashtun people|Pathan]] from [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], Sher Ali. In the same year, the two island groups Andaman and [[:en:Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]], were united under a chief commissioner residing at Port Blair.
[[Image:Port Blair 1872 Ross Island Penal HQ.jpg|thumb|right|The Ross Island prison headquarters, 1872]]
From the time of its development in 1858 under the direction of James Pattison Walker, and in response to the mutiny and rebellion of the previous year, the settlement was first and foremost a repository for [[:en:political prisoner|political prisoner]]s. The [[:en:Cellular Jail|Cellular Jail]] at Port Blair when completed in 1910 included 698 cells designed for solitary confinement; each cell measured {{convert|4.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} by {{convert|2.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with a single ventilation window {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} above the floor. A notable prisoner there was [[:en:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].
The Indians imprisoned here referred to the Island and its prison as ''Kala Pani'' ("black water");<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref> a 1996 film set on the island took that term as its title ''[[:en:Kaalapani (1996 film)|Kaalapani]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0255289/ |title=Kala Pani (1996) |publisher=Imdb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref>). The number of prisoners who died in this camp is estimated to be in the thousands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm |title=Andaman Islands Political Prisoners |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref> Many more died of harsh treatment and the harsh living and working conditions in this camp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm |title=Opinion / News Analysis : Hundred years of the Andamans Cellular Jail |publisher=The Hindu |date= 21 December 2005|accessdate=2010-05-14 |location=Chennai, India| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100511175419/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm| archivedate= 11 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
The Viper Chain Gang Jail on [[:en:Viper Island|Viper Island]] was reserved for troublemakers, and was also the site of hangings. In the 20th century, it became a convenient place to house prominent members of India's independence movement.
'''Japanese occupation'''
[[Image:Andaman ross is.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Ross Island (Andaman)|Ross Island]] in 2004]]
[[Image:Andaman.jpg|thumb|Andaman Islands]]
The Andaman and Nicobar islands were [[:en:Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|occupied by Japan]] during [[:en:World War II|World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Klemen|last=L |url= http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/andaman.html |title= The capture of the Andaman Islands, March 1942 |date=1999-2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942}}</ref> The islands were nominally put under the authority of the [[:en:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]] (Provisional Government of Free India) headed by Netaji [[:en:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Netaji visited the islands during the war, and renamed them as [[:en:Shahid|Shaheed]] (Martyr) & Swaraj (Self-rule). On 30 December 1943, during the Japanese occupation, [[:en:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]], who was controversially allied with the Japanese, first raised the flag of Indian independence. General [[:en:A. D. Loganathan|Loganathan]], of the [[:en:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]], was Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which had been annexed to the Provisional Government. Before leaving the islands, the Japanese rounded up and executed 750 civilians.<ref>Werner Gruhl, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945]'', Transaction Publishers, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8</ref> After the end of the war the islands briefly returned to British control, before becoming part of the newly independent state of India.
At the close of the World War II, the British government announced its intention to abolish the penal settlement. The government proposed to employ former inmates in an initiative to develop the island's fisheries, timber, and agricultural resources. In exchange inmates would be granted return passage to the Indian mainland, or the right to settle on the islands. The penal colony was eventually closed on 15 August 1947 when India gained independence. It has since served as a museum to the independence movement.
'''Recent history'''
In April 1998, American photographer John S Callahan organized the first surfing project in the Andamans, starting from [[:en:Phuket Province|Phuket]] in Thailand with the assistance of Southeast Asia Liveaboards (SEAL), a UK owned dive charter company. With a crew of international professional surfers, they crossed the Andaman Sea on the yacht ''Crescent'' and cleared formalities in Port Blair. The group proceeded to Little Andaman Island, where they spent ten days surfing several spots for the first time, including Jarawa Point near Hut Bay and the long right reef point at the southwest tip of the island, named Kumari Point. The resulting article in SURFER Magazine, "Quest for Fire" by journalist Sam George, put the Andaman Islands on the surfing map for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|author=By surfermag |url=http://www.surfermag.com/magazine/archivedissues/quest-for-fire |title=SURFER Explores The Andaman Islands | SURFER Magazine |publisher=Surfermag.com |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref> Footage of the waves of the Andaman Islands also appeared in the film "Thicker than Water", shot by cinematographer [[:en:Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]], who later achieved worldwide fame as a popular musician. Callahan went on to make several more surfing projects in the Andamans, including a trip to the Nicobar Islands in 1999.
On 26 December 2004, the coast of the Andaman Islands was devastated by a {{convert|10|m|ft|0|sing=on}} high tsunami following the [[:en:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. Strong oral traditions in the area warned of the importance of moving inland after a quake and is credited with saving many lives. In the aftermath, more than 2,000 people were confirmed dead and more than 4,000 children were orphaned or had lost one parent. At least 40,000 residents were rendered homeless and were moved to relief camps.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004|year=2007|publisher=ASCE, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering|location=Reston, VA|isbn=9780784409510|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|editor=Carl Strand and John Masek}}</ref> On 11 August 2009, a magnitude 7 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands, causing a tsunami warning to go into effect. On 30 March 2010, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands.
'''Geography'''
[[File:Sunset Point, Andaman.JPG|thumb|Sunset Point, Andaman]]
[[File:Sunrise at the Havelock Islands..JPG|thumb|This photo was taken at the beach no.3 at Haveleck in the Andaman Islands .]]
The Andaman Archipelago is an oceanic continuation of the Burmese [[:en:Chin Hills|Arakan Yoma range]] in the North and of the [[:en:List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] in the South. It has 325 islands which cover an area of {{convert|6408|km2|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Planning Commission Report"/> with the [[:en:Andaman Sea|Andaman Sea]] to the east between the islands and the coast of Burma.<ref name="olivierblaise" /> [[:en:North Andaman Island|North Andaman Island]] is {{convert|285|km}} south of Burma, although a few smaller Burmese islands are closer, including the three Coco Islands.
[[File:Sunset point beach, Andaman.JPG|thumb|left|Chidiya Tapu, Andaman]]
The [[:en:Ten Degree Channel|Ten Degree Channel]] separates the Andamans from the [[:en:Nicobar Islands|Nicobar Islands]] to the south. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island ([[:en:Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]] at {{convert|732|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Planning Commission Report">{{cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|series=State Development Report series|author=Planning Commission of India|edition=illustrated|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|page=|isbn= 81-7188-652-3|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>{{rp|33}}
The subsoil of the Andaman islands consists essentially of [[:en:Late Jurassic|Late Jurassic]] to [[:en:Early Eocene|Early Eocene]] [[:en:ophiolite|ophiolite]]s and [[:en:sedimentary rock|sedimentary rock]]s ([[:en:argillaceous limestone|argillaceous]] and [[:en:algal limestone|algal limestone]]s), deformed by numerous deep [[:en:fault (geology)|faults]] and [[:en:thrust fault|thrust]]s with [[:en:ultramafic|ultramafic]] igneous [[:en:intrusion (geology)|intrusion]]s.<ref name="tsu"/> There are at least 11 [[:en:mud volcano|mud volcano]]es on the islands.<ref name="tsu">P.Chakrabarti, A. Nag, S. B. Dutta, S Dasgupta, N. Gupta (2006) ''[http://books.google.com.br/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA42 S & T Input: Earthquake and Tsunami Effects...]'', page 43. Chapter 5 in S. M. Ramasamy et al. (eds.), ''Geomatics in Tsunami'', New India Publishing. ISBN 81-89422-31-6</ref>
The climate is typical of tropical islands of similar latitude. It is always warm, but with sea-breezes. Rainfall is irregular, but usually dry during the north-east, and very wet during the south-west, monsoons.
'''Flora'''
The Middle Andamans harbour mostly moist [[:en:deciduous forests|deciduous forests]]. North Andamans is characterized by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers.
The natural vegetation of the Andamans is tropical forest, with [[:en:mangrove|mangrove]]s on the coast. The rainforests are similar in composition to those of the west coast of Burma. Most of the forests are evergreen, but there are areas of deciduous forest on North Andaman, [[:en:Middle Andaman Island|Middle Andaman]], [[:en:Baratang|Baratang]] and parts of [[:en:South Andaman Island|South Andaman Island]]. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of [[:en:epiphytic|epiphytic]] vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids.
The Andaman forests are largely unspoiled, despite logging and the demands of the fast-growing population driven by immigration from the Indian mainland. There are protected areas on [[:en:Little Andaman Island|Little Andaman]], [[:en:Narcondam Island|Narcondam]], North Andaman and South Andaman, but these are mainly aimed at preserving the coast and the marine wildlife rather than the rainforests.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0101 |name=Andaman Islands rain forests|accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref> Threats to wildlife come from introduced species including rats, dogs, cats and the elephants of [[:en:Interview Island|Interview Island]] and North Andaman.
'''Timber'''
[[File:Timber.JPG|thumb|]]
Andaman forests contain 200 or more timber producing species of trees, out of which about 30 varieties are considered to be commercial. Major commercial timber species are Gurjan (''[[:en:Dipterocarpus|Dipterocarpus]]'' spp.) and [[:en:Padauk|Padauk]] (''[[:en:Pterocarpus dalbergioides|Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]''). The following ornamental woods are noted for their pronounced grain formation:
* Marble Wood (''[[:en:Diospyros|Diospyros marmorata]]'')
* Padauk (''Pterocarpus dalbergioides'')
* Silver Grey (a special formation of wood in white [[:en:utkarsh|utkarsh]])
* Chooi (''[[:en:Sageraea|Sageraea elliptica]]'')
* Kokko (''[[:en:Albizzia lebbeck|Albizzia lebbeck]]'')
Padauk wood is sturdier than teak and is widely used for furniture making.
There are [[:en:burr wood|burr wood]] and [[:en:buttress root|buttress root]] formations in Andaman Padauk. The largest piece of buttress known from Andaman was a dining table of {{convert|13|x|7|ft|abbr=on}}. The largest piece of burr wood was again a dining table for eight.
The holy [[:en:Rudraksha|Rudraksha]] (''Elaeocarps sphaericus'') and aromatic [[:en:Dhoop|Dhoop]] resin trees also are found here.
'''Fauna'''
The Andaman islands are home to a number animals, many of them endemic.
'''Mammals'''
The island's endemic mammals include
* [[:en:Andaman spiny shrew|Andaman spiny shrew]] (''Crocidura hispida'')
* [[:en:Andaman shrew|Andaman shrew]] (''Crocidura andamanensis'')
* [[:en:Jenkins' shrew|Jenkins' shrew]] (''Crocidura jenkinsi'')
* [[:en:Andaman horseshoe bat|Andaman horseshoe bat]] (''Rhinolophus cognatus'')
* [[:en:Andaman rat|Andaman rat]] (''Rattus stoicus'')
The [[:en:banded pig|banded pig]] (''Sus scrofa vittatus''), also known as the Andaman wild boar and once thought to be an endemic subspecies,<ref name="SrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012">{{Cite book | title = South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status | last1 = Srinivasulu | first1 = C. | last2 = Srinivasulu | first2 = B. | publisher = Springer | year = 2012 | pages = 353 | isbn = 9781461434498}}</ref> is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Sch I). The [[:en:spotted deer|spotted deer]] (''Axis axis''), the [[:en:Indian muntjac|Indian muntjac]] (''Muntiacus muntjak'') and the [[:en:sambar deer|sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor'') were all introduced to the Andaman islands, though the sambar did not survive.
[[:en:Interview Island|Interview Island]] (the largest wildlife sanctuary in the territory) in Middle Andaman holds a population of feral [[:en:elephant|elephant]]s, which were brought in for forest work by a timber company and released when the company went bankrupt. This population has been subject to research studies.
'''Birds'''
Endemic or near endemic birds include
* ''[[:en:Spilornis elgini|Spilornis elgini]]'', a serpent-eagle
* ''[[:en:Rallina canningi|Rallina canningi]]'', a crake (endemic; data-deficient per IUCN 2000)
* ''[[:en:Columba palumboides|Columba palumboides]]'', a wood-pigeon
* ''[[:en:Macropygia rufipennis|Macropygia rufipennis]]'', a cuckoo dove
* ''[[:en:Centropus andamanensis|Centropus andamanensis]]'', a subspecies of brown coucal (endemic)
* ''[[:en:Otus balli|Otus balli]]'', the scops owl
* ''[[:en:Ninox affinis|Ninox affinis]]'', a hawk-owl
* ''[[:en:Aceros narcondami|Aceros narcondami]]'', the Narcondam hornbill
* ''[[:en:Dryocopus hodgei|Dryocopus hodgei]]'', a woodpecker
* ''[[:en:Dicrurus andamanensis|Dicrurus andamanensis]]'', a drongo
* ''[[:en:Dendrocitta bayleyi|Dendrocitta bayleyi]]'', a treepie
* ''[[:en:Sturnus erythropygius|Sturnus erythropygius]]'', the white-headed starling
* ''[[:en:Collocalia esculenta|Collocalia esculenta]]'', the glossy swiftlet
* ''[[:en:Aerodramus fuciphagus|Aerodramus fuciphagus]]'', the edible-nest swiftlet
The islands' many [[:en:caves|caves]], such as those at [[:en:Chalis Ek Caves|Chalis Ek]] are nesting grounds for the edible-nest swiftlet, whose nests are prized in China for [[:en:bird's nest soup|bird's nest soup]].<ref name="soup">R. Sankaran (1998), ''[http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_birds8.pdf The impact of nest collection on the Edible-nest Swiftlet in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]''. Sálim Ali Centre for Orithology and Natural History,Coimbatore, India.</ref>
'''Reptiles and amphibians'''
The islands also have a number of endemic [[:en:reptile|reptile]]s, [[:en:toad|toad]]s and [[:en:frog|frog]]s, such as the South Andaman krait (''[[:en:Bungarus andamanensis|Bungarus andamanensis]]'') and Andaman water monitor (''[[:en:Varanus salvator andamanensis|Varanus salvator andamanensis]]'').
There is a sanctuary 45 miles from [[:en:Havelock Island|Havelock Island]] for [[:en:saltwater crocodile|saltwater crocodile]]s. Over the past 25 years there have been 24 crocodile attacks with four fatalities, including the death of American tourist Lauren Failla. The government has been criticized for failing to inform tourists of the crocodile sanctuary and danger, while simultaneously promoting tourism.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Knowles Writer |url=http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/crocodile-kills-nj-woman-lauren-failla-snorkeling-in-indian-ocean/19467474?icid=main%7Chtmlws-main-n%7Cdl1%7Clink6%7Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aolnews.com%2Fnation%2Farticle%2Fcrocodile-kills-nj-woman-lauren-failla-snorkeling-in-indian-ocean%2F19467474 |title=Crocodile Kills NJ Woman Lauren Failla Snorkeling in Indian Ocean |publisher=AOL News |date= |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref> Crocodiles are not only found within the sanctuary, but throughout the island chain in varying densities. They are habitat restricted, so the population is stable but not large. Populations occur throughout available mangrove habitat on all major islands, including a few creeks on Havelock. The species uses the ocean as a means of travel between different rivers and estuaries, thus they are not as commonly observed in open ocean. It is best to avoid swimming near mangrove areas or the mouths of creeks; swimming in the open ocean should be safe, but it is best to have a spotter around.
[[File:The Coral Reef at the Andaman Islands.jpg|thumb|The coral reef at Havelock in Andaman]]
'''Demographics'''
The population of the Andaman was 343,125 in 2011,<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_andaman.php]{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref> having grown from 50,000 in 1960. The bulk of the population originates from immigrants who came to the island since the colonial times, mainly of [[:en:Bengali people|Bengali]], [[:en:Hindustani people|Hindustani]] and [[:en:Tamil people|Tamil]] backgrounds.<ref name="distadmin">{{cite web|url=http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands at a glance |publisher=Andamandt.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref>
'''Indigenous Andamanese'''
Of the people who live in the Andaman Islands, a small minority of about 1,000 are the so-called [[:en:Andamanese people|Andamanese]], the [[:en:indigenous peoples|aboriginal inhabitants]] ([[:en:adivasi|adivasi]]) of the islands. By the 1850s when they first came into sustained contact by outside groups, there were estimated 7,000 Adamanese, divided into the following major groups:
* [[:en:Great Andamanese|Great Andamanese]]
* [[:en:Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
* [[:en:Jangil|Jangil]] (or ''Rutland Jarawa'')
* [[:en:Onge people|Onge]]
* [[:en:Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]
As the numbers of settlers from the mainland increased (at first mostly prisoners and involuntary [[:en:indentured labour|indentured labour]]ers, later purposely recruited farmers), these indigenous people lost territory and numbers in the face of punitive expeditions by British troops, land encroachment and various epidemic diseases. Presently, there remain only approximately 400–450 indigenous Andamanese. The Jangil were soon extinct. The Great Andamanese were originally 10 distinct tribes with 5,000 people in total; most of the tribes are extinct, and the survivors, now just 52, speak mostly [[:en:Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref>[http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html Anosh Malekar, "The case for a linguisitic survey," ''Infochange Media,'' August 1, 2011.]</ref> The Onge are reduced to less than 100 people. Only the Jarawa and Sentinelese still maintain a steadfast independence and refuse most attempts at contact; their numbers are uncertain but estimated to be in the low hundreds.
'''Government'''
[[:en:Port Blair|Port Blair]] is the chief community on the islands, and the administrative centre of the Union Territory. The Andaman Islands form a single administrative district within the Union Territory, the [[:en:Andaman district|Andaman district]] (the Nicobar Islands were separated and established as the new [[:en:Nicobar district|Nicobar district]] in 1974).
'''Cultural references'''
The islands are prominently featured in [[:en:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[:en:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] mystery, ''[[:en:The Sign of the Four|The Sign of the Four]],'' as well as in [[:en:M. M. Kaye|M. M. Kaye]]'s ''Death in the Andamans''. The magistrate in [[:en:Lady Gregory|Lady Gregory]]'s play ''[[:en:Spreading the News|Spreading the News]]'' had formerly served in the islands. A principal character in the book ''Six Suspects'' by [[:en:Vikas Swarup|Vikas Swarup]] is from the Andaman Islands. ''[[:en:Kaalapani (1996 film)|Kaalapani]]'' (Malayalam) and ''[[:en:Sirai Chaalai|Sirai Chaalai]]'' (Tamil), a 1996 Indian film by [[:en:Priyadarshan|Priyadarshan]], depicts the Indian freedom struggle and the lives of prisoners in the [[:en:Cellular Jail|Cellular Jail]] in Port Blair. ''Island's End'' is a 2011 novel by [[:en:Padma Venkatraman|Padma Venkatraman]] about the training of an indigenous shaman.
'''Transportation'''
The only airport in the islands is [[:en:Vir Savarkar Airport|Vir Savarkar Airport]] in [[:en:Port Blair|Port Blair]], which has scheduled services to [[:en:Kolkata|Kolkata]] and [[:en:Chennai|Chennai]] and Delhi, Banglore and Bhubaneswar. The airport is under control of the [[:en:Indian Navy|Indian Navy]]. Only Daytime flying is allowed.
Due to the length of these routes and the small number of airlines flying to the islands, fares have traditionally been relatively expensive, although cheaper for locals than visitors. Fares are high during peak seasons of spring and winter, but fares have been decreased over the time due to large expansion of aviation industry in India.
'''See also'''
* [[:en:Nicobar Islands|Nicobar Islands]]
* [[:en:Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[:en:List of islands|List of islands]]
* [[:en:List of trees of the Andaman Islands|List of trees of the Andaman Islands]]
'''References'''
*{{사용자:배우는사람/틀:1911}}
*[http://www.andamantravelagent.com/about-andaman History & Culture. The Andaman Islands with destination quide]
*India Home Department. The Andaman Islands: with notes on Barren Island. C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press, 1859 [http://books.google.com/books?id=E0xFAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Andaman+islands&hl=en&ei=EL9UTbuYE8KblgfPppWjBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false read online or download]
'''External links'''
{{Wiktionary|Andaman Islands|lang=en}}
{{Commons category|Andaman Islands|Andaman Islands}}
* [http://www.andamanandnicobarislandsonline.com Andaman Islands]
* [http://www.trip2andaman.com Andaman Tourism Site]
* [http://www.mountainedge.in/places-to-visit.php Beaches & Historical Monuments in Andaman]
* [http://www.and.nic.in/ Official Andaman and Nicobar Tourism Website]
* [http://andamandt.nic.in/ Andaman District] (official site)
* [http://www.trip2andaman.com/ Andaman Islands Tourism]
* [http://www.go2andaman.com/ Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Tourism Portal]
* [http://www.mountainedge.in/ Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Destination Guide]
* [http://www.diveandamans.com/more-info/faq#sec0q0/ Information]
* [http://www.andamanpadminitravels.com/ Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Tourism Guide]
* [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0Bx2JmLY7XYYBbV9USktrTGJpbm8&hl=en_GB Andaman Islands-A Travelogue]
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