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Choboty (토론 | 기여)
잔글 영어판 분류 정보를 이용.+분류:1588년 스페인 제국; 예쁘게 바꿈
태그: 구식 태그
Metrobot (토론 | 기여)
잔글 ISBN 매직 링크 제거
8번째 줄:
|장소 = 북서 유럽
|결과 = 스페인의 결정적 패배<ref>Mattingly p. 401 ''the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive''</ref><ref>Parker & Martin p. 5 ''an unmitigated disaster''</ref><ref>Vego p 148 ''the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada.''</ref>
* 군사적으로는 무승부<ref>[[Lucy Hughes-Hallett]] notes that the action off Gravelines "was the fight which would enter English history books as “the defeat of the Spanish Armada,” but to those who took part in it the engagement appeared inconclusive. By the end of it the Armada was battered but still battleworthy, while the English were almost entirely out of ammunition". Hughes-Hallett, Lucy: ''Heroes: A History of Hero Worship''. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. {{ISBN |9780307485908}}, p. 327.</ref><ref>"The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". Holmes, Richard; Marix Evans, Martin: ''Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. {{ISBN |9780191501173}}, p. 108.</ref><ref>According to [[José Alcalá-Zamora Queipo de Llano]], "the confused and partial news of the indecisive naval actions fought between both naval formations in the English Channel were transformed into adulatory, courtier and political victorious reports". Alcalá-Zamora, José N.: ''La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulación y realidad)''. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. {{ISBN |9788495983374}}, p. 20.</ref>
* 스페인의 잉글랜드 침공 실패<ref>Parker & Martin p. 245</ref><ref>Alcalá-Zamora p 56</ref>
* 개신교측의 프로파간다적 승리<ref>Richard Holmes 2001, ''Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History,'' p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory''</ref><ref>Mattingly 362</ref>
25번째 줄:
[[파일:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg|테두리|22px]] [[후안 마르티네스 데 레칼데]]<br />
[[파일:Flag of the Duchy of Parma.svg|테두리|22px]] [[파르마 공작 알렉산드로 파르세네|파르마 공작]]
|병력1 = 군함 34척<ref name = "Martin 40">Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, ''The Spanish Armada'', Penguin Books, 1999, {{ISBN |1-901341-14-3}}, p. 40.</ref><br />무장상선 163척<br /><small>(배수량 30 ~ 200 톤)</small><ref name = "Martin 40" /><br />평저선 30척
|병력2 = 포르투갈과 카스티야의 [[갈레온]]<br />무장상선 104척<br />나폴리 [[갈레아스]] 4척<ref>Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,''The Spanish Armada'', Penguin Books, 1999, {{ISBN |1-901341-14-3}}, pp.10, 13, 19, 26.</ref>
|사상자1 =[[작전 중 사망]] 50–100명<ref>Lewis, Michael.''The Spanish Armada'', New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, p. 184.</ref><br />[[작전 중 부상]] 400명<br />화공선 8척 전소<ref>John Knox Laughton,''State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588'', printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.</ref><br />비전투 손실: 6,000–8,000 명 사망(질병)
|사상자2 =작전 중 사망 600명 이상<br />작전 중 부상 800여명<ref name = "Lewis 182">Lewis, p. 182.</ref><br />포로 397명<br />배 5척 침몰 또는 나포<ref>Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) ''The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature'' 69 (1), 108 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698}}.</ref><br />'''총합:'''<br />배 약 35척 손실<ref>Casado Soto, José L.: ''Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada'', in Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams (eds.): ''England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585-1604''. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1991. {{ISBN |9780859763004}}, p. 122.</ref><ref>[[Garrett Mattingly]] rejects old estimations, makes a recount and concludes: "So, lost, at most, 31 ships (not 41), 10 pinnaces at most (not 20), 2 galleasses (not 3), 1 galley. Total, not more than 44 (not 65), probably five or six and perhaps a doze less." Mattingly, Garrett: ''The Armada''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. {{ISBN |9780395083666}}, p. 426.</ref> (10척은 자침)<ref>Lewis p. 208</ref><br />20,000명 사망<ref>Lewis p. 208-9</ref><ref>Hanson pg 563</ref>
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