자유지상주의: 두 판 사이의 차이

윌리엄 벨샴(William Belsham)은 형이상학적 맥락에서 작성한 글에서 자유지상주의라는 용어를 사용했다.<ref>{{cite서적 book인용|author=William Belsham|title=Essays|publisher=C. Dilly|year=1789|postscript=Original from the University of Michigan, digitized May 21, 2007|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z6Y0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA11&dq=William+Belsham+libertarian|page=11}}</ref> "자유지상주의자는" 자유의 옹호자, 특히 정치 측면의 자유의 옹호자를 의미하는 말로 사용되기도 했는데, London Packet이 1796년 2월 12일에 인쇄한 글에서 다음과 같이 언급되어 있다. "최근에 450여명의 프랑스 자유지상주의자들이 감옥에서 나왔다".<ref>OED November 2010 edition</ref> "the author of Gebir"에 의해 작성된 짧은 시에서 이런 맥락에서 이용어를 사용한 기록이 있다.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120802021008/http://archive.mises.org/18385/the-origin-of-libertarianism The British Critic]''. p. 432. "The author's Latin verses, which are rather more intelligible than his English, mark him for a furious Libertarian (if we may coin such a term) and a zealous admirer of France, and her liberty, under Bonaparte; such liberty!"</ref><ref>[[John Robert Seeley|Seeley, John Robert]] (1878). ''Life and Times of Stein: Or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3: 355.</ref><ref>[[Frederick William Maitland|Maitland, Frederick William]] (July 1901). "William Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford". ''[[English Historical Review]]''. 16[.3]: 419.</ref>

이 문서에서와 같이 "자유지상주의자"를 새로운 정치적 입장을 나타기 위해 사용한 최초의 용례는 1857년 프랑스의 자유지상주의적 공산주의자인 죠셉 데쟉크가 상호주의적 아나키스트인 피에르죠셉 프루동에게 보낸 편지에 등장하는 libertaire에 그 기원이 있다.<ref>Joseph Déjacque, [http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm "De l'être-humain mâle et femelle–Lettre à P.J. Proudhon"] (1857).</ref><ref>Marshall (2009). p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal ''Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social'' published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists."</ref><ref>{{cite서적 book인용|title=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas|volume=Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939)|year=2005|location=Montreal|publisher=Black Rose Books|editor=Robert Graham|chapter=|author=|at=§17|editor-link=Robert Graham (historian)}}</ref> 이후 데쟉크는 ‘Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social’ 라는 아나키스트 저널을 발행했으며, 이것은 뉴욕에서 1858에서 1861년까지 발행되었었다.<ref name="theanarchistlibrary.org">http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-150-years-of-libertarian</ref><ref>"He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled ''Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social'', in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére." [[George Woodcock]]. ''Anarchism: a history of libertarian ideas and movements''. Meridian books. 1962. p. 280.</ref><ref>{{cite웹 web인용|url=http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm|title=Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social|first=Jean Claude|last=Mouton|publisher=}}</ref> 이후 이 용어가 사용된 기록은 프랑스 르 아브르 지역에서의 아나키스트 의회에서(1880년 11월 16-22일) 자유지상주의적 공산주의(libertarian communism)라는 형태로 나타났다. 다음해 1월 프랑스에서 ‘Libertarian or Anarchist Communism’ 라는 선언문이 발행되었다. 마침내 아나키스트 세바스티앙 포르와 루이즈 미셸이 프랑스에서 La Libertaire를 출간했다.<ref name="theanarchistlibrary.org"/> 이 시기엔 프랑스 정부에서 아나키스트 출판물을 금지 시켰기 때문에 Libertaire 라는 용어는 검열을 피하기 위한 용도 아나키즘과 동의어로서 자주 사용되었다.<ref name=nettlau>{{cite서적 book인용|title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau|first=Max|authorlink=Max Nettlau|year=1996|publisher=Freedom Press|isbn=978-0-900384-89-9|language=영어|location=London|page=162|oclc=37529250}}</ref><ref>Colin Ward (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC ''Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction''], Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers..."</ref><ref>{{cite웹 web인용|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=The Week Online Interviews Chomsky|url=http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/1137|work=Z Magazine|publisher=[[Z Communications]]|accessdate=21 November 2011|authorlink=Noam Chomsky|date=23 February 2002|quote=The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. Socialist anarchism was libertarian socialism.}}{{dead깨진 link링크|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

미국에서 자유지상주의란 경제적으론 보수적인 관점과 개인의 자유에 있어서 진보적인 관점을 가진다고 묘사되며<ref name="BoazKirby06a">Boaz, David; Kirby, David (18 October 2006). ''The Libertarian Vote''. [[Cato Institute]].</ref>, 이것은 종종 외교적인 측면에 있어서 비개입주의와 연관된다.<ref name="pp. 177-180">{{cite백과사전 encyclopedia인용|last1=Carpenter|first1=Ted Galen|title=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|last2=Innocent|first2=Malen|editor-first=Ronald|editor-last=Hamowy|editor-link=Ronald Hamowy|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT217&dq=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]]|location= Thousand Oaks, CA|doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n109|isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4|oclc=750831024|lccn=2008009151|pages=177–180|quote=|ref=|chapter=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref name="p. 182">Edward A. Olsen, ''US National Defense for the Twenty-First Century: The Grand Exit Strategy'', [[Taylor & Francis]], 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&pg=PA182&dq=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dTwZUZagGZS_0QGHq4CQDg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=libertarianism%20foreign%20non-interventionism&f=false p. 182], {{ISBN|0714681407}}, {{ISBN|9780714681405}}.</ref>

"자유지상주의"라는 용어는 [[자유지상주의적 사회주의|국제적으로 사회주의자들을 언급하는데 사용]]되어 왔지만, 미국에서의 용례는 그 기원에서 벗어나있다.<ref>Fernandez, Frank (2001). ''Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement''. Sharp Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jKdztbIaHegC p. 9]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term 'libertarian' has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."</ref><ref>{{cite서적 book인용|last1=Rothbard|first1=Murray N.|title=The Betrayal of the American Right|date=2009|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute|isbn=1610165012|quote=One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy... 'Libertarians'... had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over...}}</ref>