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=== 아프가니스탄 내전의 기원 ===
| 이름= 그리스 독립 전쟁
[[File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] meeting with [[Afghan Mujahideen]] leaders in the [[Oval Office]] in 1983]]
| 제목= [[그리스 독립 전쟁]] (1821–1829)
[[File:RIAN archive 24609 Troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Soviet troops in 1986, during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]]]
| listclass = hlist
| titlestyle = border:1px solid gold;
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
| basestyle = background: #cedff2;
 
|list1style = background: #cedff2;
Afghanistan's political order began to break down with the overthrow of [[King Zahir Shah]] by his distant cousin [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] in a bloodless [[1973 Afghan coup d'état]]. Daoud Khan had served as prime minister since 1953 and promoted economic modernization, [[emancipation]] of women, and [[Pashtun nationalism]]. This was threatening to neighboring Pakistan, faced with its own restive [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] population. In the mid-1970s, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] began to encourage Afghan [[Islamist]] leaders such as [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] and [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] to fight against the regime. In 1978, Daoud Khan was killed in [[Saur Revolution|a coup by Afghan's Communist Party]], his former partner in government, known as the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanland.com/history/biography/daoud.html|title=Mohammad Daud Khan|date=2000|website=Afghanland.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817040633/http://www.afghanland.com/history/biography/daoud.html|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The PDPA pushed for a socialist transformation by abolishing arranged marriages, promoting mass literacy and reforming land ownership. This undermined the traditional tribal order and provoked opposition across rural areas. The PDPA's crackdown was met with open rebellion, including [[Ismail Khan]]'s [[1979 Herat Uprising|Herat Uprising]]. The PDPA was beset by internal leadership differences and was weakened by an internal coup on 11 September 1979 when [[Hafizullah Amin]] ousted [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]]. The [[Soviet Union]], sensing PDPA weakness, [[Soviet–Afghan War|intervened militarily three months later]], [[Operation Storm-333|to depose Amin]] and install [[Parcham|another PDA faction]] led by [[Babrak Karmal]].
|list1 = '''[[그리스 독립 전쟁의 배경|배경]]'''
 
|group2 = [[오스만령 그리스]]
The entry of Soviet forces in Afghanistan in December 1979 prompted its [[Cold War]] rivals, the United States, Pakistan, [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[China]] to support rebels fighting against the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. In contrast to the secular and socialist government, which controlled the cities, religiously motivated [[mujahideen]] held sway in much of the countryside. Besides Rabbani, Hekmatyar, and Khan, other mujahideen commanders included [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]]. The [[CIA]] worked closely with Pakistan's [[Inter-Service Intelligence]] to funnel foreign support for the mujahideen. The war also attracted Arab volunteers, known as "[[Afghan Arabs]]", including [[Osama bin Laden]].
|list2 =
{{Navbox |child |basestyle=background:#cedff2; text-align:center;
|listclass=hlist
|group1 = People
|list1 =
* [[Armatoloi]]
* [[Kodjabashis|Proestoi]]
* [[Klepht]]s
* [[Dionysius the Philosopher]]
* [[Daskalogiannis]]
* [[Panagiotis Benakis]]
* [[Konstantinos Kolokotronis]]
* [[Lambros Katsonis]]
* [[Cosmas of Aetolia]]
* [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina|Ali Pasha]]
* [[Maniots]]
* [[Phanariotes]]
* [[Souliotes]]
* [[Gregory V of Constantinople]]
|group2 = Events
|list2 =
* [[Orlov Revolt]]
* [[Souliote War (1803)]]
}}
 
|group3 = [[Modern Greek Enlightenment|Greek Enlightenment]]
After the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan]] in May 1989, the PDPA regime under [[Mohammad Najibullah|Najibullah]] held on until 1992, when the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] deprived the regime of aid, and the defection of Uzbek general [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] cleared the approach to [[Kabul]]. With the political stage cleared of socialists, the warlords, some of them Islamist, vied for power. By then, Bin Laden had left the country and the United States' interest in Afghanistan also diminished.
|list3 =
{{Navbox |child |basestyle=background:#cedff2; text-align:center;
|listclass=hlist
|group1 = People
|list1 =
* [[Athanasios Christopoulos]]
* [[Theoklitos Farmakidis]]
* [[Rigas Feraios]]
* [[Anthimos Gazis]]
* [[Theophilos Kairis]]
* [[Adamantios Korais]]
* [[Eugenios Voulgaris]]
|group2 = Organizations
|list2 =
* [[Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio]]
* [[Filiki Eteria]]
** [[Nikolaos Skoufas]]
** [[Athanasios Tsakalov]]
** [[Emmanuil Xanthos]]
** [[Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos]]
* [[Philomuse Society]]
* [[Society of the Phoenix]]
|group3 = Publications
|list3 =
* [[Adelphiki Didaskalia]]
* [[Asma Polemistirion]]
* [[Hellenic Nomarchy]]
* [[Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios]]
* [[Salpisma Polemistirion]]
* [[Thourios or Patriotic hymn]]
}}
 
|group4 = European intervention and<br>Greek involvement in<br>the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
=== 아프가니스탄 내전 ===
|list4 =
{{본문|아프가니스탄 내전 (1992–1996)}}
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]]
[[File:Massoud and Qadir 2.PNG|thumb|[[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] (right) with Pashtun anti-Taliban leader and later Vice-President of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] [[Haji Abdul Qadir]]]]
* [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]]
* [[Greek Plan]] of [[Catherine the Great]]
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)]]
* [[French Revolution]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]]
** [[Fall of the Republic of Venice]]
** [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands]]
** [[Septinsular Republic]]
** [[Greek Legion (Septinsular Republic)|Greek Legion]]
** [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814)|Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands]]
** [[Albanian Regiment (France)|Albanian Regiment]]
** [[Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814]]
** [[1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry]]
* [[United States of the Ionian Islands]]
 
|group5 = Ideas
In 1992, Rabbani officially became president of the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]], but had to battle other warlords for control of Kabul. In late 1994, Rabbani's defense minister, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], defeated Hekmatyar in Kabul and ended ongoing bombardment of the capital.<ref name="Afghanistan Justice Project">{{cite web|year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archivedate=4 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="amnesty.org">{{cite web|publisher=Amnesty International|title=Afghanistan: Further Information on Fear for Safety and New Concern: Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings: Civilians in Kabul|date=16 November 1995|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA11/015/1995/en|accessdate=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018211431/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA11/015/1995/en|archive-date=18 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="International Committee of the Red Cross">{{cite web|year=1995|url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jly2.htm|title=Afghanistan: escalation of indiscriminate shelling in Kabul|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012006/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jly2.htm|archive-date=10 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide [[political process]] with the goal of national [[Democratic consolidation|consolidation]]. Other warlords, including Ismail Khan in the west and Dostum in the north, maintained their fiefdoms.
|list5 =
* [[Nationalism]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Constitutionalism]]
 
|list6style = background: #cedff2;
In 1994, [[Mohammed Omar]], a mujahideen member who taught at a Pakistani [[madrassa]], returned to Kandahar and formed the Taliban movement. His followers were religious students, known as the ''Talib'' and they sought to end warlordism through strict adherence to [[Islamic law]]. By November 1994, the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province. They declined the government's offer to join in a coalition government and marched on Kabul in 1995.<ref name="Webster University Press Book">{{cite book |last=Marcela Grad |title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader|date=1 March 2009 |page=310 |publisher=Webster University Press| isbn= }}</ref>
|list6 = '''Events'''
 
|group7 = Sieges
=== 탈레반 VS 북부 동맹 ===
|list7 =
{{Main|Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)}}
* [[Siege of Patras (1821)|Patras]]
* [[Siege of Salona|Salona]]
* [[Navarino massacre|Navarino]]
* [[Siege of Livadeia|Livadeia]]
* [[Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)|1st Acropolis]]
* [[Siege of Tripolitsa|Tripolitsa]]
* [[Siege of Arta|Arta]]
* [[Siege of Acrocorinth|Acrocorinth]]
* [[Siege of Nauplia (1822)|Nauplia]]
* [[First Siege of Missolonghi|1st Messolonghi]]
* [[Second Siege of Missolonghi|2nd Messolonghi]]
* [[Third Siege of Missolonghi|3rd Messolonghi]]
* [[Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)|2nd Acropolis]]
 
|group8 = Battles
The Taliban's early victories in 1994 were followed by a series of costly defeats.<ref name="Human Rights Watch (5)">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm#P81_13959 |title=II. BACKGROUND |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102042606/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm |archivedate=2 November 2008}}</ref> Pakistan provided strong support to the Taliban.<ref name="Amin Saikal">{{cite book|last=Amin Saikal |authorlink=Amin Saikal|title=Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival|edition=2006 1st |page=352|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York |isbn=1-85043-437-9|date=13 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="George Washington University">{{cite web|year=2007|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#17|title=Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|accessdate=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708224453/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#17|archive-date=8 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Analysts such as [[Amin Saikal]] described the group as developing into a [[proxy war|proxy]] force for Pakistan's regional interests, which the Taliban denied.<ref name="Amin Saikal" /> The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995, but were driven back by Massoud.<ref name="amnesty.org" /><ref>{{youtube|id=zzPcMB9SQz0}}</ref>
|list8 =
* [[Battle of Kalamata|Kalamata]]
* [[Wallachian uprising of 1821|Wallachian uprising]]
* [[Battle of Alamana|Alamana]]
* [[Battle of Gravia Inn|Gravia]]
* [[Battle of Valtetsi|Valtetsi]]
* [[Battle of Doliana|Doliana]]
* [[Battle of Lalas|Lalas]]
* [[Battle of Vasilika (Thessaloniki)|Vasilika]]
* [[Battle of Dragashani|Dragashani]]
* [[Battle of Sculeni|Sculeni]]
* [[Battle of Vasilika|Vasilika]]
* [[Battle of the Trench (1821)|Trench]]
* [[Battle of Peta|Peta]]
* [[Battle of Dervenakia|Dervenakia]]
* [[Battle of Karpenisi|Karpenisi]]
* [[Greek civil wars of 1824–25|Greek civil wars]]
* [[Battle of Sphacteria (1825)|Sphacteria]]
* [[Battle of Maniaki|Maniaki]]
* [[Battle of the Lerna Mills|Lerna Mills]]
* [[Ottoman–Egyptian invasion of Mani|Mani]]
* [[Battle of Distomo|Distomo]]
* [[Battle of Arachova|Arachova]]
* [[Battle of Kamatero|Kamatero]]
* [[Battle of Phaleron|Phaleron]]
* [[Chios expedition]]
* [[Battle of Martino|Martino]]
* [[Battle of Koronisia|Koronisia]]
* [[Battle of Petra|Petra]]
 
|group9 = [[Massacres during the Greek War of Independence|Massacres]]
On 27 September 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from [[Saudi Arabia]], seized Kabul and founded the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Coll|2004|p=14}} They imposed their [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school, or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative.<ref name="Physicians for Human Rights">{{cite web |year=1998 |url=http://www.law.georgetown.edu/rossrights/docs/reports/taliban.pdf |title=The Taliban's War on Women: A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan |publisher=[[Physicians for Human Rights]] |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210524/http://www2.law.georgetown.edu/rossrights/docs/reports/taliban.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Pakistani expert [[Ahmed Rashid]], "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.<ref name=Maley>{{cite book |last=Maley|first=William|title=The Afghanistan wars|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-21313-5|page=288}}</ref><ref name=Tomsen>[[Peter Tomsen]] said that up until 9/11, Pakistani military and [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] officers, along with thousands of regular Pakistani armed forces personnel, had been involved in the fighting in Afghanistan.{{cite book |last=Tomsen|first=Peter|title=Wars of Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-763-8|page=322}}</ref>
|list9 =
* [[Constantinople massacre of 1821|Constantinople]]
* [[Thessaloniki Massacres|Thessaloniki]]
* [[Navarino massacre|Navarino]]
* [[Siege of Tripolitsa|Tripolitsa]]
* [[Naousa massacre|Naousa]]
* [[Destruction of Samothrace|Samothrace]]
* [[Chios massacre|Chios]]
* [[Destruction of Psara|Psara]]
* [[Kasos Massacre|Kasos]]
 
|group10 = Naval conflicts
Massoud and Dostum, former arch-enemies, created a United Front against the Taliban, commonly known as the [[Northern Alliance]].<ref>{{youtube|id=EvYglyjbHkI}}</ref> In addition to Massoud's [[Tajik people|Tajik]] force and Dostum's [[Uzbeks]], the United Front included [[Hazara people|Hazara]] factions and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] forces under the leadership of commanders such as [[Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)|Abdul Haq]] and Haji [[Abdul Qadir (Afghan leader)|Abdul Qadir]]. Abdul Haq also gathered a limited number of defecting Pashtun Taliban.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite book |last=Tomsen|first=Peter|title=Wars of Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-763-8|page=565}}</ref> Both agreed to work together with the exiled Afghan king [[Zahir Shah]].<ref name="Tomsen" /> International officials who met with representatives of the new alliance, which the journalist [[Steve Coll]] referred to as the "grand Pashtun-Tajik alliance", said, "It's crazy that you have this today … Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara … They were all ready to buy in to the process … to work under the king's banner for an ethnically balanced Afghanistan."{{sfn|Coll|2004|p=558}}<ref name="The New Statesman">{{cite news|year=2011|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2011/11/haq-afghanistan-taliban-kabul|title=The lost lion of Kabul|work=The New Statesman|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521001006/http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2011/11/haq-afghanistan-taliban-kabul|archive-date=21 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia, Iran, Tajikistan and India. The Taliban captured [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] in 1998 and drove Dostum into exile.
|list10 =
* [[Battle of Eresos|Eresos]]
* [[Battle of Nauplia (1822)|Nauplia]]
* [[Battle of Samos (1824)|Samos]]
* [[Battle of Andros (1825)|Andros]]
* [[Battle of Sphacteria (1825)|Sphacteria]]
* [[Battle of Gerontas|Gerontas]]
* [[Battle of Souda|Souda]]
* [[Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)|Alexandria]]
* [[Battle of Volos (1827)|Volos]]
* [[Battle of Itea|Itea]]
* [[Battle of Navarino|Navarino]]
 
|group11 = Ships
The conflict was brutal. According to the United Nations (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been "15 massacres" between 1996 and 2001. The Taliban especially targeted the [[Shia]] Hazaras.<ref name="Newsday 2001">{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|title=Taliban massacres outlined for UN|author=Newsday|date=October 2001|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916074935/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="papillonsartpalace.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |title=Confidential UN report details mass killings of civilian villagers |accessdate=12 October 2001 |author=Newsday |year=2001 |publisher=newsday.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118162327/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |archivedate=18 November 2002 }}</ref> In retaliation for the execution of 3,000 Taliban prisoners by Uzbek general [[Abdul Malik Pahlawan]] in 1997, the Taliban executed about 4,000 civilians after taking Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998.<ref name="UNHCR 1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aab050.html|title=Afghanistan: Situation in, or around, Aqcha (Jawzjan province) including predominant tribal/ethnic group and who is currently in control|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=February 1999|access-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013062635/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aab050.html|archive-date=13 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch 1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-03.htm#P186_38364 |title=Incitement of Violence Against Hazaras by Governor Niazi |accessdate=27 December 2007 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=November 1998 |work=Afghanistan: the Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215095339/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-03.htm |archivedate=15 December 2007 }}</ref>
|list11 =
* [[Karteria (Greek warship)|Greek sloop ''Karteria'']]
* [[Greek brig Aris]]
 
|group12 = [[Greek local statutes|Greek regional councils and statutes]]
Bin Laden's [[055 Brigade]] was responsible for mass killings of Afghan civilians.<ref name="Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html|title=Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast|author=Ahmed Rashid|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=11 September 2001|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108225950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html|archive-date=8 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The report by the United Nations quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing "Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people".<ref name="Newsday 2001" /><ref name="papillonsartpalace.com" />
|list12 =
* [[Messenian Senate]]
* [[Directorate of Achaea]]
* [[Peloponnesian Senate]]
* [[Senate of Western Continental Greece]]
* [[Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece]]
* [[Provisional Regime of Crete]]
* [[Military-Political System of Samos]]
 
|group13 = [[Greek national assemblies]]
By 2001, the Taliban controlled as much as 90% of Afghanistan, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000–30,000 Pakistanis (usually also Pashtun) and 2,000–3,000 Al-Qaeda militants.<ref name="Webster University Press Book" /><ref name="Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph" />{{sfn|Girardet|2011|p=416}}{{sfn|Rashid|2000|p=91}} Many of the Pakistanis were recruited from madrassas.<ref name="Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph" /> A 1998 document by the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] confirmed that "20–40 percent of [regular] Taliban soldiers are Pakistani." The document said that many of the parents of those Pakistani nationals "know nothing regarding their child's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan". According to the US State Department report and reports by Human Rights Watch, other Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan were regular soldiers, especially from the [[Frontier Corps]], but also from the [[Pakistani Army]] providing direct combat support.<ref name="George Washington University" /><ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite news |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |title=Pakistan's support of the taliban |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2000 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615184800/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|list13 =
* [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus|First (Epidaurus)]] ([[Executive of 1822]])
* [[Second National Assembly at Astros|Second (Astros)]]
* [[Third National Assembly at Troezen|Third (Troezen)]]
* [[Fourth National Assembly at Argos|Fourth (Argos)]]
* [[Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion|Fifth (Nafplion)]]
 
|group14 = International Conferences,<br>Treaties and Protocols
==== 알카에다 ====
|list14 =
In August 1996, Bin Laden was forced to leave Sudan and arrived in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. He had founded Al-Qaeda in the late 1980s to support the Mujahideen's war against the Soviets but became disillusioned by infighting among warlords. He grew close to Mullah Omar and moved Al-Qaeda's operations to eastern Afghanistan.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
* [[Congress of Laibach]]
* [[Congress of Verona]]
* [[Protocol of St. Petersburg]]
* [[Treaty of London (1827)|Treaty of London]]
* [[Conference of Poros]]
* [[London Protocol (1828)|London Protocol of 1828]]
* [[London Protocol (1829)|London Protocol of 1829]]
* [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]]
* [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol of 1830]]
* [[London Conference of 1832|London Conference]]
* [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]]
 
|group15 = Related
The [[9/11 Commission]] in the US found that under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and indoctrinate fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other [[jihadist]]s, and plot terrorist actions.{{sfn|911 Commission|2004|p=66}} While al-Qaeda maintained its own [[Afghan training camp|camps in Afghanistan]], it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the United Front. A smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda.{{sfn|911 Commission|2004|p=67}}
|list15 =
* [[Greek expedition to Syria (1825)]]
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)]]
 
|list16style = background: #cedff2;
After the August [[1998 United States embassy bombings]] were linked to bin Laden, President [[Bill Clinton]] ordered [[Operation Infinite Reach|missile strikes on militant training camps]] in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the international community imposed sanctions on the Taliban, calling for bin Laden to be surrendered. The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands.
|list16 = '''[[:Category:People of the Greek War of Independence|Personalities]]'''
 
|group17 = [[First Hellenic Republic|Greece]]
[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden. These teams planned several operations but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion.{{sfn|Coll|2004}}
|list17 =
* [[Chian Committee]]
* [[Odysseas Androutsos]]
* [[Anagnostaras]]
* [[Markos Botsaris]]
* [[Laskarina Bouboulina]]
* [[Constantin Denis Bourbaki]]
* [[Hatzimichalis Dalianis]]
* [[Kanellos Deligiannis]]
* [[Athanasios Diakos]]
* [[Germanos III of Old Patras]]
* [[Dimitrios Kallergis]]
* [[Athanasios Kanakaris]]
* [[Constantine Kanaris]]
* [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]]
* [[Stamatios Kapsas]]
* [[Panagiotis Karatzas]]
* [[Georgios Karaiskakis]]
* [[Nikolaos Kasomoulis]]
* [[Ioannis Kolettis]]
* [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]]
* [[Georgios Kountouriotis]]
* [[Antonios Kriezis]]
* [[Nikolaos Kriezotis]]
* [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]]
* [[Georgios Lassanis]]
* [[Lykourgos Logothetis]]
* [[Andreas Londos]]
* [[Yannis Makriyannis]]
* [[Manto Mavrogenous]]
* [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]]
* [[Petrobey Mavromichalis]]
* [[Andreas Metaxas]]
* [[Andreas Vokos Miaoulis|Andreas Miaoulis]]
* [[Theodoros Negris]]
* [[Nikitaras]]
* [[Antonis Oikonomou]]
* [[Ioannis Orlandos]]
* [[Papaflessas]]
* [[Dimitrios Papanikolis]]
* [[Emmanouel Pappas]]
* [[Christoforos Perraivos]]
* [[Nikolaos Petimezas]]
* [[Panagiotis Rodios]]
* [[Georgios Sachtouris]]
* [[Georgios Sisinis]]
* [[Iakovos Tombazis]]
* [[Anastasios Tsamados]]
* [[Meletis Vasileiou]]
* [[Demetrios Ypsilantis]]
 
|group18 = [[Philhellenism|Philhellenes]]
==== 미국의 아프가니스탄 정책 변화 ====
|list18=
During the [[Clinton administration]], the US tended to favor Pakistan and until 1998–1999 had no clear policy toward Afghanistan. In 1997, for example, the US State Department's [[Robin Raphel]] told Massoud to surrender to the Taliban. Massoud responded that, as long as he controlled an area the size of his hat, he would continue to defend it from the Taliban.<ref name="Webster University Press Book" /> Around the same time, top foreign policy officials in the Clinton administration flew to northern Afghanistan to try to persuade the United Front not to take advantage of a chance to make crucial gains against the Taliban. They insisted it was the time for a cease-fire and an [[arms embargo]]. At the time, Pakistan began a "[[Berlin Blockade|Berlin-like]] [[airlift]] to resupply and re-equip the Taliban", financed with Saudi money.<ref name="US Congressman Dana Rohrabacher">{{cite web|year=2004|url=http://rohrabacher.house.gov/911-represented-dramatic-failure-policy-and-people|title=9/11 Represented a Dramatic Failure of Policy and People|publisher=US Congressman Dana Rohrabacher|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306015402/http://rohrabacher.house.gov/911-represented-dramatic-failure-policy-and-people|archive-date=6 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Antonio Figueira d’ Almeida]]
* [[Michail Komninos Afentoulief]]
* [[Joseph Balestra]]
* [[Lord Byron]]
* [[François-René de Chateaubriand]]
* [[Richard Church (general)|Richard Church]]
* [[Giuseppe Chiappe]]
* [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Lord Cochrane]]
* [[Vincenzo Gallina]]
* [[Charles Nicolas Fabvier|Charles Fabvier]]
* [[Thomas Gordon (British Army officer)|Thomas Gordon]]
* [[Frank Abney Hastings]]
* [[Carl Wilhelm von Heideck|Carl von Heideck]]
* [[Vasos Mavrovouniotis]]
* [[Johann Jakob Meyer]]
* [[Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels|Karl Normann]]
* [[Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud|Maxime Raybaud]]
* [[Giuseppe Rosaroll]]
* [[Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa|Santorre di Santa Rosa]]
* [[Friedrich Thiersch]]
* [[Auguste Hilarion Touret]]
* {{Interlanguage link multi|German Legion (Philhellenes){{!}}German Legion|el|3=Γερμανική Λεγεώνα}}
* [[Serb volunteers in the Greek War of Independence|Serbs]]
* [[Olivier Voutier]]
 
|group19= [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]<br>([[Danubian Principalities]])
US policy toward Afghanistan changed after the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 US embassy bombings]]. Subsequently, Osama bin Laden was [[Osama bin Laden#Criminal charges|indicted]] for his involvement in the embassy bombings. In 1999 both the US and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban via [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267]], which demanded the Taliban surrender Osama bin Laden for trial in the US and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Security Council demands that Taliban turn over Osama bin Laden to appropriate authorities|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19991015.sc6739.doc.html|publisher=United Nations|date=15 October 1999|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816074745/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19991015.sc6739.doc.html|archive-date=16 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The only collaboration between Massoud and the US at the time was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden following the 1998 bombings.{{sfn|Risen|2008}} The US and the European Union provided no support to Massoud for the fight against the Taliban.
|list19 =
* [[Alexander Ypsilantis]]
* [[Sacred Band (1821)|Sacred Band]]
* [[Nikolaos Ypsilantis]]
* [[Alexandros Kantakouzinos]]
* [[Georgios Kantakouzinos]]
* [[Athanasios Agrafiotis]]
* [[Giorgakis Olympios]]
* [[Yiannis Pharmakis]]
* [[Dimitrie Macedonski]]
* [[Tudor Vladimirescu]]
* [[Konstantinos Xenokratis]]
* [[Anastasios Manakis]]
* [[Stamatios Kleanthis]]
 
|group20 = [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Ottoman Algeria|Algeria]], and [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egypt]]
By 2001 the change of policy sought by CIA officers who knew Massoud was underway.{{sfn|Coll|2004|p=720}} CIA lawyers, working with officers in the Near East Division and Counter-terrorist Center, began to draft a formal finding for President [[George W. Bush]]'s signature, authorizing a [[covert operation|covert action]] program in Afghanistan. It would be the first in a decade to seek to influence the course of the Afghan war in favor of Massoud.{{sfn|Coll|2004|p=14}} [[Richard A. Clarke]], chair of the Counter-Terrorism Security Group under the Clinton administration, and later an official in the Bush administration, allegedly presented a plan to incoming Bush [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Adviser]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] in January 2001.
|list20 =
* [[Mahmud II|Sultan Mahmud II]]
* [[Hurshid Pasha]]
* [[Nasuhzade Ali Pasha]]
* [[Ismael Gibraltar]]
* [[Omer Vrioni]]
* [[Kara Mehmet (Kapudan Pasha)|Kara Mehmet]]
* [[Mahmud Dramali Pasha]]
* [[Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha]]
* [[Reşid Mehmed Pasha]]
* [[Yussuf Pasha]]
* [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]]
* [[Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi]]
 
|group21= [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[Bourbon Restoration|France]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]]
A change in US policy was effected in August 2001.{{sfn|Coll|2004|p=14}} The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud. A meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al-Qaeda operatives. If the Taliban refused, the US would provide [[covert]] military aid to anti-Taliban groups. If both those options failed, "the deputies agreed that the United States would seek to overthrow the Taliban regime through more direct action."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/24/september11.usa2 |author=Julian Borger |title=Bush team 'agreed plan to attack the Taliban the day before September 11' |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=24 March 2004 |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203065522/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/24/september11.usa2 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|list21 =
* [[George Canning]]
* [[Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe|Stratford Canning]]
* [[Edward Codrington]]
* [[Henri de Rigny]]
* [[Lodewijk van Heiden]]
* [[Alexander I of Russia]]
* [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
 
|group22= Financial aid
==== 9.11 테러 무렵의 북부 동맹 ====
|list22=
{{Further|Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)}}
* [[London Philhellenic Committee]]
Ahmad Shah Massoud was the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan. In the areas under his control, Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the [[Women's Rights]] Declaration.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite book|last=Marcela Grad|authorlink=Marcela Grad|title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader|edition=1 March 2009 |page=310 |publisher=Webster University Press}}</ref> As a consequence, many civilians had fled to areas under his control.<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpQI6HKV-ZY |title=Inside the Taliban 06 – N.G. |publisher=YouTube |date=11 November 2009 |accessdate=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216030829/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpQI6HKV-ZY |archive-date=16 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/episodes/inside-the-taliban/ |title=Inside the Taliban |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705212814/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/episodes/inside-the-taliban/ |archivedate=5 July 2014 }}</ref> In total, estimates range up to one million people fleeing the Taliban.<ref name="EU Parliament">{{cite web|year=2001|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t78N6Q5VD60|title=Massoud in the European Parliament 2001|publisher=EU media|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225002506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t78N6Q5VD60|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]
* [[Jean-Gabriel Eynard]]
* [[Lazaros Kountouriotis]]
* [[Ioannis Papafis]]
* [[Georgios Stavros]]
* [[Ioannis Varvakis]]
* [[Rothschild & Co]]
 
|group23= [[Morea expedition]]
In late 2000, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], a [[Tajiks|Tajik]] nationalist and leader of the [[Northern Alliance]], invited several other prominent Afghan tribal leaders to a [[jirga]] in northern Afghanistan "to settle political turmoil in Afghanistan".<ref name="Corbis">{{cite web|year=2001|url=http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/AAEC001272/council-of-afghan-opposition|title=Council of Afghan opposition|publisher=Corbis|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026010417/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/AAEC001272/council-of-afghan-opposition|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Among those in attendance were [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] nationalists, [[Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)|Abdul Haq]] and [[Hamid Karzai]].<ref name="Webster University Press Book 2">{{cite book |last=Marcela Grad|title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader|edition=1 March 2009 |page=65 |publisher=Webster University Press}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>Senior diplomat and Afghanistan expert [[Peter Tomsen]] wrote: "The 'Lion of Kabul' [Abdul Haq] and the 'Lion of Panjshir' [Ahmad Shah Massoud] … Haq, Massoud, and Karzai, Afghanistan's three leading moderates, could transcend the Pashtun—non-Pashtun, north-south divide."{{cite book|last=Tomsen|first=Peter|title=Wars of Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-58648-763-8|page=566}}</ref>
|list23=
 
{{Navbox |child |basestyle=background:#cedff2; text-align:center;
In early 2001, Massoud and several other Afghan leaders addressed the [[European Parliament]] in Brussels, asking the [[international community]] to provide humanitarian help. The Afghan envoy asserted that the Taliban and al-Qaeda had introduced "a very wrong perception of Islam" and that without the support of Pakistan and Osama bin Laden, the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for another year. Massoud warned that his intelligence had gathered information about an imminent, large-scale attack on US soil.<ref name="gwu.edu">{{cite web|title=Defense Intelligence Agency|year=2001|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal32.pdf|publisher=National Security Archive|accessdate=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617045854/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal32.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|listclass=hlist
 
|group1 = Military
On 9 September 2001, two French-speaking Algerians posing as journalists killed Massoud in a [[suicide attack]] in Takhar Province of Afghanistan. The two perpetrators were later alleged to be members of [[al-Qaeda]]. They were interviewing Massoud before detonating a bomb hidden in their video camera.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/10/world/taliban-foe-hurt-and-aide-killed-by-bomb.html |title=Taliban Foe Hurt and Aide Killed by Bomb |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=10 September 2001 |accessdate=27 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205235141/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/10/world/taliban-foe-hurt-and-aide-killed-by-bomb.html |archive-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/09/world/threats-responses-assassination-afghans-too-mark-day-disaster-hero-was-lost.html |title=Threats and Responses: Assassination; Afghans, Too, Mark a Day of Disaster: A Hero Was Lost |location=Afghanistan |work=The New York Times |date=9 September 2002 |accessdate=27 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217015213/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/09/world/threats-responses-assassination-afghans-too-mark-day-disaster-hero-was-lost.html |archive-date=17 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both of the alleged al-Qaeda men were subsequently killed by Massoud's guards.
|list1 =
 
* [[Nicolas Joseph Maison]]
=== TAPI 송유관 ===
* [[Antoine Simon Durrieu]]
{{본문|TAPI 송유관}}
* [[Antoine Virgile Schneider]]
 
* [[Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély]]
1990년대 러시아는 카자흐스탄과 투르크메니스탄의 송유관을 확보하고 있었고, 카자흐스탄과 투르크메니스탄의 천연가스를 나르기 위해 송유관을 사용하는 것을 거부했다. 이에 따라 국제 석유 회사들은 이란과 러시아를 우회하는 가스관을 설립하고자 했다. [[1998년 미국 대사관 폭탄 테러]]로 인해 송유관 설치 사업은 중단되었으나, 2002년 재개되었다.<ref name=bbc1>
* [[Camille Alphonse Trézel]]
{{cite news
|group2 = Scientific
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2608713.stm
|list2 =
| title = Central Asia pipeline deal signed
* [[Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent]]
| first = Ian
* [[Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois]]
| last = McWilliam
* [[Pierre Peytier]]
| agency = [[BBC]]
* [[Stamatis Voulgaris]]
| date = 27 December 2002
* [[Guillaume-Abel Blouet]]
| accessdate = 18 May 2008
* [[Gabriel Bibron]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181230031129/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2608713.stm
* [[Prosper Baccuet]]
| archive-date = 30 December 2018
* [[Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval]]
| url-status = live
* [[Pierre-Narcisse Guérin]]
| df = dmy-all
* [[Charles Lenormant]]
* [[Edgar Quinet]]
}}
</ref>
 
=== 9.11 테러 ===
{{본문|9.11 테러}}
[[File:WTCgroundzero.jpg|thumb|Ground Zero in New York following the [[11 September attacks|attacks of 11 September 2001]]]]
 
|list24style = background: #cedff2;
2001년 9월 11일 15명의 사우디아라비아인을 포함한 19명의 아랍인들이 미국에서 합동 테러를 저질렀다. 4대의 민항기가 납치되었다.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite book |last=Holmes|first=Stephen|title=Making sense of suicide missions|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929797-9|editor=Diego Gambetta|chapter=Al Qaeda, 11 September 2001}}</ref><ref name="Keppel2008">{{cite book|last=Keppel|first=Gilles|title=Al Qaeda in its own words|year=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02804-3|last2=Milelli|first2=Jean-Pierre|last3=Ghazaleh|first3=Pascale|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674028043}}</ref> 알카에다의 [[함부르크 조직]]의 조직원이었던 납치인들은<ref>"[http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm Chapter of the 9/11 Commission Report detailing the history of the Hamburg Cell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816215318/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.htm |date=16 August 2009 }}". [[9/11 Commission]].</ref> [[아메리칸 항공 11편 테러 사건|아메리칸 항공 11편]]과 [[유나이티드 항공 175편 테러 사건|유나이티드 항공 175편]]을 [[세계 무역 센터 (1973년~2001년)|세계 무역 센터]]의 쌍둥이 빌딩에 강제로 충돌시켜, 항공기에 탑승한 승객 전원과 건물 안의 2,000명이 사망했다. 쌍둥이 건물은 무너졌고, 충돌로 인해 인근의 건물이 부서지거나 피해를 입기도 했다. [[아메리칸 항공 77편 테러 사건|아메리칸 항공 77편]]은 워싱턴 D.C 인근의 [[펜타곤]]에 충돌했고, [[유나이티드 항공 93편 테러 사건|유나이티드 항공 93편]]은 워싱턴 DC로 날아가던 비행기가 셰익스빌 인근에 추락해 탑승객 전원이 사망했다. 뉴욕주 보건부에 따르면 2009년 6월 기준으로 소방관과 경찰관을 포함해 사망자 수가 총 836명으로 집계되었다.<ref name="FOX Responders" /> 전체 사망자수는 19명의 납치범들을 포함해 2,996명이었다.<ref name="FOX Responders">{{cite news|publisher=FOX News|title=9 Years Later, Nearly 900 9/11 Responders Have Died, Survivors Fight for Compensation|date=11 September 2010|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/09/09/report-responders-died-ground-zero-illnesses/|accessdate=12 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911224043/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/09/09/report-responders-died-ground-zero-illnesses/|archive-date=11 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
|list24b= '''Impact'''
|group25 = Historians/Memoirists
|list25 =
* [[:el:Δημήτριος Αινιάν|Dimitrios Ainian]]
* [[:el:Φώτιος Χρυσανθόπουλος|Fotis Chrysanthopoulos]]
* [[:el:Ιωάννης Φιλήμων|Ioannis Filimon]]
* [[George Finlay]]
* [[:el:Αμβρόσιος Φραντζής (πρεσβύτερος)| Ambrosios Frantzis]]
* [[Konstantinos Metaxas]]
* [[Panoutsos Notaras]]
* [[:el:Παναγιώτης Παπατσώνης|Panagiotis Papatsonis]]
* [[Anastasios Polyzoidis]]
* [[Georgios Tertsetis]]
* [[Spyridon Trikoupis]]
 
|group26 = Art
=== 미국의 대탈레반 최후통첩 ===
|list26 =
The Taliban publicly condemned 11 September attacks.<ref name="ultimatum"/> US President George W. Bush issued an ultimatum to the Taliban to hand over Osama bin Laden, "close immediately every terrorist training camp, hand over every terrorist and their supporters, and give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection."<ref name="ultimatum">{{cite news |title=The US refuses to negotiate with the Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/the_us_refuses_to_negotiate_with_the_taliban |publisher=BBC History |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203142713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/the_us_refuses_to_negotiate_with_the_taliban |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Osama bin Laden was protected by the traditional [[Pashtunwali|Pashtun laws of hospitality]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In Afghanistan, US is fighting tribal insurgency, not jihad |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-03-02/news/bal-op.pashtun02mar02_1_pashtuns-taliban-afghanistan-jihad |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033819/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-03-02/news/bal-op.pashtun02mar02_1_pashtuns-taliban-afghanistan-jihad |archive-date=28 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the weeks ahead and at the beginning of the US and NATO invasion of Afghanistan, the Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's guilt, and subsequently offered to hand over Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011014/aponline135016_000.htm?noredirect=on|title=Bush Rejects Taliban Bin Laden Offer|website=washingtonpost.com|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120130/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011014/aponline135016_000.htm?noredirect=on|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bush-rejects-taliban-offer-to-surrender-bin-laden-9143208.html|title=Bush rejects Taliban offer to surrender bin Laden|work=The Independent|access-date=23 October 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023121549/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bush-rejects-taliban-offer-to-surrender-bin-laden-9143208.html|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/07/ret.us.taliban/|title=CNN.com – US rejects Taliban offer to try bin Laden – October 7, 2001|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040614003300/http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/10/07/ret.us.taliban/|archive-date=14 June 2004|url-status=live}}</ref> US President George W. Bush rejected the offer, citing policies such as "we do not negotiate with terrorists." Britain's then deputy prime minister, [[John Prescott]], claimed the group's expressions amount to an admission of guilt for 11 September attacks.
* [[Eugène Delacroix]]
* [[Louis Dupré (painter)|Louis Dupré]]
* [[Peter von Hess]]
* [[Victor Hugo]]
* [[François Pouqueville]]
* [[Alexander Pushkin]]
* [[Karl Krazeisen]]
* [[Andreas Kalvos]]
* [[Dionysios Solomos]]
* [[Theodoros Vryzakis]]
* ''[[Hellas (poem)|Hellas]]''
* ''[[The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi]]''
* ''[[Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi]]''
* ''[[Le siège de Corinthe]]''
* ''[[The Massacre at Chios]]''
* ''[[The Free Besieged]]''
* ''[[Hymn to Liberty]]''
* ''[[The Archipelago on Fire]]''
* ''[[Loukis Laras]]''
* ''[[The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos]]''
 
|group27 = Remembrance
After the US invasion, the Taliban repeatedly requested due diligence investigation and willingness to handover Osama to a third country for due prosecutions. The United States refused and continued bombardments of Kabul airport and other cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism6|title=US warplanes launch new wave of attacks|last=Staff and agencies|date=14 October 2001|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091013/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism6|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism5|title=Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over|last=Staff and agencies|date=14 October 2001|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825195435/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism5|archive-date=25 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Haji Abdul Kabir, the third most powerful figure in the ruling Taliban regime, told reporters: "If the Taliban is given evidence that Osama bin Laden is involved, we would be ready to hand him over to a third country." <ref name=":5" /> At a 15 October 2001 meeting in Islamabad, [[Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil]], the foreign minister of Afghanistan, offered to remove Osama bin Laden to the custody of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) to be tried for the 9/11 terror attacks. The OIC is a large organization of 57 member states. Muttawakil by this point had dropped the condition that the US furnish evidence of Osama bin Laden's involvement in the 9/11 attacks as a precondition for the transfer of Osama bin Laden by Afghanistan to the OIC for trial.<ref>[[Inter Press Service]], 3 May 2011, "[http://www.ipsnews.net/2011/05/us-refusal-of-2001-taliban-offer-gave-bin-laden-a-free-pass/ US Refusal of 2001 Taliban Offer Gave bin Laden a Free Pass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073959/http://www.ipsnews.net/2011/05/us-refusal-of-2001-taliban-offer-gave-bin-laden-a-free-pass/ |date=25 November 2018 }}"</ref>
|list27 =
* 25 March (Independence Day)
* [[Hymn to Liberty]]
* [[Eleftheria i thanatos]]
* [[Pedion tou Areos]]
* [[Propylaea (Munich)]]
* [[Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)]]
* [[Royal Phalanx]]
* [[Evzones]] ([[Presidential Guard (Greece)|Presidential Guard]])
}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Greece history templates|War of Independence]]
[[Category:Greece war and conflict navigational boxes|War of Independence]]
[[Category:Greek War of Independence|τ]]
 
</noinclude>
== 각주 ==
{{각주}}
원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/사용자:웬디러비/연습장"