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사용자:Aspere/연습장: 두 판 사이의 차이

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{{main|액시엄 궤도 부분}}
2020년 1월 7일 NASA에서는 [[액시엄 스페이스]]에게 국제우주정거장에 모듈 최대 3개를 연결할 수 있는 권한을 부여했다고 밝혔다. 2024년 발사가 예정된 첫 번째 모듈은 [[하모니 모듈]]의 앞쪽에 붙이는 방안이 추진되고 있는데, 이를 위해서는 PMA-2와 IDA-2를 옮겨야 한다. 액시엄 스페이스에서는 첫 번째 모듈을 중심으로 모듈 두 개를 붙인 다음, 우주비행사를 자체적으로 보내 모듈에서 거주한다는 구상을 하고 있다.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-axiom-space-to-build-commercial-space-station-module/|title=NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station module|date=2020-01-28|website=SpaceNews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> 국제우주정거장이 퇴역하면 액시엄 모듈은 전력 모듈이나 에어락 등 다른 부품을 붙여 액시엄 상업용 우주 정거장을 만들 계획이다.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station|title=Axiom Space - Axiom Commercial Space Station|website=Axiomspace Jan2020|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
 
== 운용 ==
Operational control of the US Orbital Segment of the ISS is accomplished by NASA, the agency that manages the civilian portion of the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] space program. <!-- THE ARTICLE LEDE SAYS: "The segment is monitored and controlled from various mission control centers around the world including Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, Columbus Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, Tsukuba Space Center in Tsukuba, Japan, and Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[not verified in body]" BUT THAT IS NOT SOURCED IN THE ARTICLE BODY. Furthermore, it is not clear which of the sites listed do "control" and which may do only "monitoring", or may exist as creations of their respective national space agencies with unclear 24/7/365 roles and responsibilities. Need sources to clarify this. -->
 
In the early years of the ISS operation beginning in 2000,<ref name=time20001102>{{cite news |title=Upward Bound: Tales of Space Station Alpha |url=https://time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,59500,00 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |last=Liston|first=Brad |date=2 November 2000 |access-date=2 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402005352/https://time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,59500,00.html |archive-date=2 April 2008}}</ref> all of the work in the US Orbital Segment was performed by NASA astronauts—although some NASA-trained astronauts were employees of non-US government space agencies—and all cargo and crew transport to the space station was handled by NASA-owned spacecraft, specifically, by the [[Space Shuttle]]. Beginning in the late 2000s, NASA began to contract for commercial services to [[Commercial Resupply Services|transport cargo]] to the space station<ref name=nasa20081223>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/dec/HQ_C08-069_ISS_Resupply.html "NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715085914/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/dec/HQ_C08-069_ISS_Resupply.html |date=July 15, 2016 }}. NASA, 23 December 2008.</ref> with services beginning in 2012.<ref name=bbc20210522>{{cite news |title=Nasa chief hails new era in space |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18154937 |work=[[BBC News]] |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=May 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67qeQTSWo?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18154937 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2020, operational commercial flights were handling ISS USOS [[Commercial Crew Program|crew transport]] as well.<ref name=nsf20201117>{{cite news |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |title=Crew Dragon Resilience successfully docks, expands ISS crew to seven |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/resilience-expands-station-crew/ |work=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=17 November 2020 |accessdate=4 March 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127040344/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/resilience-expands-station-crew/ |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Russian Soyuz continues to handle Russian Orbital Segment crew transport after 2020; and handled ALL ISS crew transport to the ISS from ~2011 (the last Space Shuttle flight) until 2020, as well as all Russian crew in the decade 2000 to 2011. -->
 
In 2010, NASA began to open up a limited amount of space and astronaut time on the US Orbital Segment to commercial use. In 2005, the US Congress authorized that one of the several [[ISS National Lab|U.S. National Laboratories]] should exist on board the ISS, and commercial research could be done there. The [[Center for the Advancement of Science in Space]] (CASIS) was set up to operate the lab. In September 2009, [[Nanoracks]] signed the [[Space Act Agreement|first contract]] with NASA to utilize the on-orbit lab space, and had their first laboratory on the Space Station in April 2010.<ref name=forbes20111121>{{cite news |title=Nanoracks Is Making Space Science Affordable For Everyone |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/11/21/nanoracks-is-making-space-science-affordable-for-everyone/ |access-date=2013-02-25 |newspaper=Forbes |date=2011-11-21 |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220183328/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/11/21/nanoracks-is-making-space-science-affordable-for-everyone/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other companies followed,{{cn|date=March 2021}} however the commercial space and commercial experiments on the ISS have always been limited, with most orbital segment space and experiments reserved for direct use by NASA.
 
Prices to be paid by commercial companies utilizing the ISS National Lab on USOS were heavily subsidized from 2010 until early 2021. Beginning in March 2021, the subsidy was removed, and prices raised by NASA to approximate "full reimbursement for the value of NASA resources."<ref name=sn20210304>{{cite news |title=NASA hikes prices for commercial ISS users |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-hikes-prices-for-commercial-iss-users/ |last=Foust|first=Jeff |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=4 March 2021 |accessdate=5 March 2021 }}</ref>
 
NASA published a "Commercial and Marketing Pricing Policy" beginning in 2019.<ref name=nasaPricing20190607>{{cite web |title=Commercial and Marketing Pricing Policy |url=https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy |access-date= |website=nasa.gov |date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301123227/https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The historical prices and current prices on offer for services in the USOS are:<ref name=nasaPricing20210305>{{cite web |title=Commercial and Marketing Pricing Policy |url=https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=nasa.gov |date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301123227/https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy/ |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{|class="wikitable"
!NASA-provided Service
!2010−2019 price
!2019−2020 price
!2021−present price
!Comments
!
|-
|[[Upmass|Transport cargo to ISS]]<br /><small>(US$/kg)</small>
|
|{{USD|3000}}
|{{USD|20,000}}
|<ref name=sn20210304/>
|-
|[[Downmass|Transport cargo from ISS to Earth]]<br /><small>(US$/kg)</small>
|
|{{USD|6000}}
|{{USD|40,000}}
|<ref name=sn20210304/>
|-
|Crew member time<br /><small>(US$/hour)</small>
|
|{{USD|17,500}}
|{{USD|130,000}}
|<ref name=sn20210304/>
|-
|Private astronaut crew supplies<br /><small>(US$/day)</small>
|N/A
|N/A
|{{USD|22,500}}
|<ref name=sn20210304/>
|-
|Private astronaut life support<br /><small>(US$/day)</small>
|N/A
|N/A
|{{USD|11,250}}
|<ref name=sn20210304/>
|-
|Stowage<br /><small>(US$ per [[CTBE]] per day)</small>
|
|{{USD|105}}<ref name=nasaPricing20190607/>
|
|
|-
|Power<br /><small>(US$/kWh)</small>
|
|{{USD|42}}<ref name=nasaPricing20190607/>
|
|
|-
|Data downlink<br /><small>(US$/GB)</small>
|
|{{USD|50}}<ref name=nasaPricing20190607/>
|
|
|-
|Trash disposal<br /><small>(US$/kg)</small>
|
|{{USD|3000}}<ref name=nasaPricing20190607/>
|{{USD|20,000}}<ref name=nasaPricing20210305/>
|
|}
 
== 같이 보기 ==
원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/사용자:Aspere/연습장"