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[[Image:Map of Lydia ancient times.jpg|thumb|리디아 제국의 사르데이스와사르디스와 다른 도시들 ]]
'''사르데이스사르디스'''(리키아어: ''스파르드'', 그리스어: ''Σάρδεις'', 페르시아어: ''스파르다''), 현재 [[터키]] [[마니사 주]]의 ''사르트''는 고대 [[리디아]] 왕국의 수도로 [[페르시아 제국]]의 중요한 도시였다. 그리고 [[로마 제국]]의 총독이 다스리던 곳이었다. 그리고 로마 후기와 [[비잔티움 제국]]내의 리디아 속주의 수도였다. 아시아의 7 교회중의 하나로 주민들은 나약하기로 유명하였다.
그 중요성은 먼저 그 군사적인 힘과 내부에서 에게 해변으로 도달하는 고속도로 상에 위치하는 교통 그리고 헤르무스의 넓고 비옥한 평원 때문이다.
사르데이스는사르디스는 [[트몰로스 산]]의 기슭, 헤르무스 계곡의 중앙에 요새를 형성한 가파르고 높은 돌출부에 위치한다.
그것은 헤르무스의 남쪽 4km에 위치한다. 오늘날 위치는 살리흘리 근처의 사르트 마을에 의해 확인된다.
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==History==
{{see also|Lydia (Achaemenid)}}
[[Image:SardisByzantineShops1February2003.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Remains of the [[Byzantine]] shops in Sardis]]
The earliest reference to Sardis is in the ''[[The Persians]]'' of [[Aeschylus]] ([[472 BC]]); in the [[Iliad]] the name Hyde seems to be given to the city of the [[Maeonian]] (i.e. Lydian) chiefs, and in later times Hyde was said to be the older name of Sardis, or the name of its citadel. It is, however, more probable that Sardis was not the original capital of the Maeonians, but that it became so amid the changes which produced the powerful Lydian empire of the [[8th century BC]].
The city was captured by the [[Cimmerians]] in the [[7th century BC|7th century]], by the [[Persians]] and by the [[Athens|Athenians]] in the [[6th century BC|6th]], and by [[Antiochus III the Great]] at the end of the [[3rd century BC|3rd century]]. In the Persian era Sardis was conquered by [[Cyrus the Great]] and formed the end station for the Persian [[Royal Road]] which began in [[Persepolis]], capital of [[Persia]]. During the [[Ionian Revolt]], the [[Athenians]] burnt down the city. Sardis remained under Persian domination until it surrendered to [[Alexander the Great]] in 334 B.C..
Once at least, under the emperor [[Tiberius]], in [[17 AD]], it was destroyed by an earthquake; but it was always rebuilt. It was one of the great cities of western [[Asia Minor]] until the later Byzantine period.
The early Lydian kingdom was far advanced in the industrial arts and Sardis was the chief seat of its manufactures. The most important of these trades was the manufacture and dyeing of delicate woolen stuffs and carpets. The stream [[Pactolus]] which flowed through the market-place "carried golden sands" in early antiquity, in reality gold dust out of Mt. Tmolus; later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of great wealth. After [[Constantinople]] became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the great lines of communication and lost some of its importance. It still, however, retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the [[See of Sardis|metropolitan bishop]] of the province of Lydia, formed in [[295]] AD. It is enumerated as third, after [[Ephesus]] and [[İzmir|Smyrna]], in the list of cities of the [[Thracesion]] [[thema]] given by [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] in the [[10th century]]; but over the next four centuries it is in the shadow of the provinces of Magnesia ad Sipylum and Philadelphia, which retained their importance in the region.
The Hermus valley began to suffer from the inroads of the [[Seljuk Turks]] about the end of the [[11th century]]; but the successes of the Greek general [[Philocales]] in [[1118]] relieved the district for the time, and the ability of the [[Comnenus|Comneni]], together with the gradual decay of the Seljuk power, retained it in the Byzantine dominions. The country round Sardis was frequently ravaged both by Christians and by Turks during the [[13th century]]. Soon after [[1301]], the Seljuk Turks overran the whole of the Hermus and [[Cayster river|Cayster]] valleys, and a fort on the citadel of Sardis was handed over to them by treaty in [[1306]]. The city continued its decline until its capture (and probable destruction) by the [[Mongol]] warlord [[Timur]] in [[1402]].
== Archaeological expeditions ==
By the nineteenth century, Sardis was in ruins, showing construction chiefly of the Roman period. The first large scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by [[Howard Crosby Butler]] of [[Princeton University]] between years [[1910]] - [[1914]], unearthing the Temple of Artemis, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by [[World War I]], followed by the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York]].
Today, the laws governing archaeological expeditions in Turkey ensure that all archaeological artifacts remain in Turkey. Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the [[Archaeological Museum of Manisa]], including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture, a helmet from the mid-[[6th century BC]], and pottery from various periods.
==Sardis synagogue ==
{{main|Sardis Synagogue}}
[[Image:SardisSynagogue1February2003.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A recent view of the Sardis [[synagogue]]]]
Since [[1958]], both [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Cornell University|Cornell Universities]] have sponsored annual archeological expeditions to Sardis. These excavations unearthed perhaps the most impressive synagogue in the western diaspora yet discovered from antiquity, yielding over eighty Greek and seven Hebrew inscriptions as well as numerous mosaic floors. (For evidence in the east, see [[Dura-Europos synagogue|Dura Europos]] in [[Syria]].) The discovery of the Sardis synagogue has reversed previous assumptions about Judaism in the
later Roman empire. Along with the discovery of the [[godfearers]]/theosebeis inscription from [[Image:Sardissynagogue.jpg|thumb|left|200px| Sardis [[synagogue]]]][[Aphrodisias]], it provides indisputable evidence for the continued vitality of Jewish
communities in Asia Minor, their integration into general Roman imperial civic life, and their
size and importance at a time when many scholars previously assumed that Christianity had eclipsed Judaism.
The synagogue was a section of a large bath-gymnasium complex, that was in use for about 450 – 500 years. In the beginning, middle of the [[second century AD]], the rooms the synagogue is situated in were used as changing rooms or resting rooms. The complex was destroyed in [[616]] AD by the Sassanian-Persians.
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[[분류:스파르타]]
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