위키백과

사용자:Aspere/베레시트

< 사용자:Aspere
베레시트
בְּרֵאשִׁית
베레시트 착륙선의 1:1 크기 모형.
베레시트 착륙선의 1:1 크기 모형.
임무 정보
관리 기관 이스라엘 항공우주 산업[1], 스페이스IL
계약 기관 스페이스X
임무 유형 기술 시험
COSPAR ID 2019-009B
SATCAT № 44049
발사일 2019년 2월 22일 01:45 UTC[2][3]
발사체 팰컨9 블록5
발사 장소 CCAFS, SLC-40
목표 천체 달
임무 기간 48 일
임무 종료 달 표면 충돌
추락일 2019년 4월 11일 19:23 UTC[4]
추락 장소 평온의 바다[5]
웹사이트 www.spaceil.com
우주선 정보
제조 기관 이스라엘 항공우주 산업, SpaceIL[6]
중량 585 kg[7]
전장 2 m (6 ft 7 in)[8]
전고 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)[8]
궤도 정보
궤도 달 궤도
궤도 진입일 2019년 4월 4일[4]
프로그램
소속 프로그램 베레시트 계획
이후 임무 베레시트 2호

베레시트(히브리어: בְּרֵאשִׁית→태초에 (창세기))는 스페이스IL과 이스라엘 항공우주 산업이 운용한 소형 달 착륙선으로, 달 표면에 자기계, 역반사 장치, 타임캡슐을 남길 예정이었다. 2019년 4월 11일 착륙선의 자이로스코프가 오작동을 일으켜, 주 엔진이 꺼져, 착륙선이 달 표면에 충돌하였다.[9] 충돌 위치는 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E이다.[10]

The lander was previously known as Sparrow and was officially renamed to Beresheet in December 2018.[11] Its net mass was 150 kg (330 lb); when fueled at launch, its mass was 585 kg (1,290 lb). It had been compared to a washing machine, as it stood at about the height of one at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and was similar in width to large household appliances.[12] It used seven ground stations for Earth–lander communication.[13] Its mission control center was at Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in Yehud, Israel.

Planning and construction 편집

Beresheet was co-developed by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) with support from Israel Space Agency and Morris Kahn, its major financier. It represented the first privately initiated Moon mission and was stimulated by the Google Lunar X Prize.[14] SpaceIL and IAI constructed the vehicle [15] and was supported by the Israel Space Agency.[16] The time window for participation in the Google Lunar X Prize closed before the launch. After the mission, Lunar X Prize awarded a US$1 million award to SpaceIL to support a second mission.[17]

The costs for the project, including launch, were about US$100 million.[18] The government of Israel's commitment to the project was stated to be 10% in July 2018.[19] However, in 2019 just before the launch, SpaceIL told media that the overall budget was about US$90 million, and only about US$2 million of that came from the Israeli government.[20]

Payload 편집

The spacecraft carried a "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem ("Hatikvah"), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[21][22][23][2][24] At the last minute, genetic samples and tardigrades were added in epoxy resin between the digital layers.[25]

Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[26][27]

Propulsion 편집

The spacecraft propulsion system was designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries, based on monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) oxidizer. It featured nine engines, the main engine was the LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine which was used to reach lunar orbit, deceleration of the spacecraft, and an attempted propulsive landing.[28][29]

Launch 편집

 
Trajectory on a silver medal of the 2019 International Physics Olympiad.

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[19][30] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 01:45 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February 2019) as a secondary payload,[2][31][32] along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[33] Beresheet was controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[34]

From 24 February to 19 March 2019, the main engine was used four times to raise the orbit, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[35] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be successfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and adjusted its flight pattern in a circular orbit around the Moon. Once it was in the correct circular orbit, it was planned to decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface. This was planned for 11 April 2019.[36]

착륙 예정지 편집

베레시트의 예정 착륙지는 평온의 바다 북부 지역이었으며,[5] 착륙 예정지의 범위는 반지름 15 km의 원이었다.[37]

Planned operations 편집

Beresheet was planned to operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,[19] as it had no thermal control and was expected to quickly overheat.[38] Its main mission would have been to gather imagery and send it back to Earth. Additionally, the craft would have made magnetic measurements. It was also planned to reignite its main engine and perform a "hop" to another place in the Moon's surface, demonstrating relocation capability in its Moon exploration.[20] The retroreflector was a passive device requiring no electrical power and was expected to be functional for several decades.[39]

NASA contribution 편집

In addition to contributing the laser retroreflector to the mission, NASA planned to contribute space communications capabilities during the cruise phase and operations phase, even giving Beresheet time on the Deep Space Network. NASA also planned to survey Beresheet with its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (which it did after the crash-landing). In exchange, SpaceIL would have shared its magnetic measurements with NASA.[20]

Crash-landing 편집

 
Crash site of Beresheet as seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

On 11 April 2019, the lander crash-landed on the lunar surface. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU2) gyroscope failed during the braking procedure on approach to the landing site, and the ground control crew was unable to reset the individual component due to a sudden loss of communications with the control network.[40] By the time communications were restored, the craft's main engine had already been inactive for an extended period. The engine was brought back online following a system-wide reset; however, the craft had already lost too much altitude to slow its descent sufficiently. The final telemetry reading indicated that at an altitude of 150 m (490 ft) the craft was still traveling over 500 km/h (310 mph), resulting in a total loss on impact with the lunar surface.[41][42] Prior to impact, the probe had been able to take two last photographs: a view of itself against the Moon, and a closer shot of the Moon's surface.[43]

The lander's final resting position is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E,[10] portrayed in the following LROC images:[44]

  • M1236487095L (before impact)
  • M1098722768L (before impact - 2012-08-04 - 12:31:41, line 24245, sample 4031)[45]
  • M1101080642R (before impact - 2012-08-31 - 19:29:35, line 14398, sample 1424)[46]
  • M1310536929R (after impact)

Wreckage 편집

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) overflew the area where Beresheet's telemetry ended, and took photos of the surface. When those photos were compared against earlier photos of the same location, one set of new features was obvious. A faint lighter line leads to a lighter halo surrounding a dark crater. A lump is visible at the head of the crater opposite the line. The light halo may either be gas associated with the craft's wreckage or fine soil particles blown outward by the impact.[47] A small NASA payload known as the Lunar Retroflector Array (LRA) is hoped to have survived the crash. Though it may have separated from the main wreckage, the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on the LRO is pulsing laser images at the crash site in hopes of finding the LRA.[48]

In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrade micro-animals in their natural cryptobiotic state may have survived the crash and lived on the Moon for a while. On previous space missions, tardigrades were exposed to the open vacuum of space and some were able to live for a period of time.[49][50] There is no real danger they will spread across the Moon,[49] but this "Tardigrade affair" attracted the criticism of professionals who pointed out the lacking planetary protection measures, and lacking international regulation to enforce such measures.[51]

Beresheet 2 편집

  이 부분의 본문은 Beresheet 2입니다.

Originally Beresheet was planned to be a one-time-only mission.[20][6] However, on 13 April 2019, Morris Kahn announced that a new mission, named Beresheet 2 would attempt a second time to land on the Moon.[52] On 25 November 2019, it was announced that Beresheet 2 would attempt to send one lander to the Moon and another to Mars.[53][54]

On 9 December 2020, SpaceIL announced that the Beresheet 2 Moon mission will launch in 2024, and will consist of an orbiter and two landers. It will have a budget of US$100 million, similar to that of Beresheet 1, and will include more international collaboration, with the United Arab Emirates as one of seven countries expressing interest.[55]

Minor planet 편집

The minor planet 27050 Beresheet is named after the spacecraft.[56]

Intellectual property 편집

IAI owns the intellectual property of the Beresheet design.[57] On 9 June 2019, it was announced that IAI signed an agreement with the American company Firefly Aerospace to build a lunar lander based on Beresheet.[57] Firefly Aerospace is one of several "main contractors" for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and they planned to propose a lunar lander based on Beresheet called Genesis.[57][58] Genesis would be launched on another vehicle Firefly planned to build, a rocket called Beta,[58] or a Falcon 9 launch vehicle [59] in late 2022.[60] Due to changing CLPS specifications, Firefly determined that Genesis no longer fit NASA's requirements and started work on a new lunar lander design called Blue Ghost in 2021.[61] Despite being developed by Firefly, IAI will support the Blue Ghost lunar lander development effort as per their previous agreement on Genesis.[61]

On 4 February 2021, NASA awarded a CLPS contract worth approximately US$93.3 million to Firefly Aerospace to deliver a suite of 10 science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023.

See also 편집

 Spaceflight 포털

각주 편집

  1. ↑ This 'Sparrow' lunar lander may soon make Israel the 4th country to land the Moon Dave Mosher, Business Insider 14 August 2018
  2. ↑ 가 나 다 Graham, William (2019년 2월 21일). “SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission”. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2019년 2월 23일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ Pietrobon, Steven (2018년 12월 8일). “United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest”. 2018년 12월 8일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ 가 나 Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins 18 February 2019
  5. ↑ 가 나 Here's (almost) everything you need to know about Israel's Moon lander Jason Davis, The Planetary Society 8 November 2018
  6. ↑ 가 나 IAI studying follow-on opportunities for SpaceIL lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 17 September 2018
  7. ↑ “Beresheet”. NASA's Solar System Exploration website. 2022년 11월 29일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ 가 나 “Israeli unmanned spacecraft to land on Moon in 2019”. BBC News. 2018년 7월 10일. 
  9. ↑ Lidman, Melanie. “Israel's Beresheet spacecraft crashes into the moon during landing attempt”. 《The Times of Israel》. 
  10. ↑ 가 나 “Beresheet Crash Site Spotted! | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera”. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University. 2019년 9월 19일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission 보관됨 30 3월 2019 - 웨이백 머신 SpaceIL website Retrieved 17 December 2018
  12. ↑ “Tiny Israeli spacecraft Beresheet enters orbit around the moon”. 2019년 4월 6일. 2019년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  13. ↑ SpaceIL - Technology 보관됨 10 4월 2019 - 웨이백 머신
  14. ↑ “Israel schickt ersten privat finanzierten Mond-Lander auf den Weg” [Israel sends first privately financed lunar lander on its way] (독일어). Deutsche Welle. 2019년 2월 19일. 2019년 4월 11일에 확인함. 
  15. ↑ “SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander”. 2021년 10월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 11월 19일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ Christine Lunsford (2019년 2월 9일). “Israel's 1st Moon Lander: The SpaceIL Beresheet Lunar Mission in Pictures”. 《Space.com》. 2019년 2월 19일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Mike Wehner (2019년 4월 12일). “We now know why Israel's lunar lander crashed into the Moon”. BGR. 2019년 4월 14일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ Mike Wall (2019년 4월 4일). “Pioneering Israeli Lunar Lander Arrives in Orbit Around the Moon”. 《Space.com》. 2019년 4월 11일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ 가 나 다 Winner, Stewart; Solomon, Shoshanna (2018년 7월 10일). “Israeli spacecraft aims for historic moon landing… within months”. 《The Times of Israel》. 2018년 7월 11일에 확인함. 
  20. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Loren Grush (2019년 2월 19일). “Israeli spacecraft poised to become first privately funded lander on the Moon”. The Verge. 
  21. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2019년 2월 21일). “After SpaceX Launch, Israeli Spacecraft Begins Journey to the Moon”. 《The New York Times》. 2019년 2월 23일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ Holmes, Oliver (2019년 2월 20일). “Israel to launch first privately funded moon mission”. 《The Guardian》. 2019년 2월 22일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ Shafi Musaddique (2019년 2월 21일). “Israel to take "digital bible" to space as it becomes fourth country to land on the Moon”. 《euronews.com》. 2019년 2월 22일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ “The first library on another celestial body”. 《archmission.org》. 2019년 4월 11일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (2019년 8월 5일). “A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades on the Moon”. 《Wired》. 2019년 8월 6일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Potter, Sean (2018년 10월 3일). “NASA, Israel Space Agency Sign Agreement for Commercial Lunar Cooperat”. NASA. 2018년 12월 3일에 확인함.    이 문서는 퍼블릭 도메인 출처의 본문을 포함합니다.
  27. ↑ NASA Video (2018년 11월 29일), 《NASA Announces New Moon Partnerships with U.S. Companies》, 2018년 12월 3일에 확인함    이 문서는 퍼블릭 도메인 출처의 본문을 포함합니다.
  28. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (2019년 2월 21일). “Israel's Beresheet robot sets its sights on the Moon”. BBC News. 
  29. ↑ Lunde, Endre. “Nammo's British Rocket Engine Powers Israel's Mission to the Moon”. My News Desk.  Endre Lunde, Senior Vice President, Communications, +4790853270
  30. ↑ Israeli GLXP Team Is First to Sign Launch Agreement For Private Mission to the Moon On SpaceX Falcon 9 보관됨 2 4월 2019 - 웨이백 머신 7 October 2015
  31. ↑ SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare launch to send a commercial lander to the Moon in 2019 Eric Ralph, Teslarati 12 September 2018
  32. ↑ Ronel, Asaf (2018년 7월 10일). “First Israeli Spacecraft to Head to Moon on Back of Elon Musk's SpaceX Rocket”. 《Haaretz》. 2018년 7월 10일에 확인함. 
  33. ↑ SpaceIL making final fundraising push for lunar lander mission Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 14 December 2017
  34. ↑ staff. “Israeli lunar craft successfully completes first maneuver”. 《The Times of Israel》. 2019년 4월 2일에 확인함. 
  35. ↑ “Beresheet lander on course for the moon”. 2019년 3월 19일. 2019년 4월 3일에 확인함. 
  36. ↑ “Recalculating Route: The plan of spacecraft's trajectory has been completed”. SpaceIL. July 2018. 2019년 4월 26일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 4월 9일에 확인함. 
  37. ↑ Landing site selection for the SpaceIL mission to the Moon Yuval Grossman. Lunar And Planetary Science Conference XLVIII March 2017
  38. ↑ With SpaceIL launch, its to the Moon and beyond for Israel Yaakov Lappin, Heritage 11 January 2019
  39. ↑ David, Leonard (2019년 3월 31일). “NASA's Piggyback Experiment on Israeli Moon Lander Could Aid Future Lunar Touchdowns”. Space.com. 2019년 4월 14일에 확인함. 
  40. ↑ 《LIVE broadcast - Beresheet lands on the Moon Fasten your seatbelts, we are about to land》 (Live videocast). Yehud, Israel: SpaceIL. 2019년 4월 11일. 2019년 4월 12일에 확인함.  commentary beginning 32'56" (combined Hebrew and English)
  41. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2019년 4월 12일). “SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander”. SpaceNews. 2019년 4월 12일에 확인함. 
  42. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2019년 4월 11일). “Israel's Beresheet Spacecraft Moon Landing Attempt Appears to End in Crash”. 《The New York Times》. 2019년 4월 11일에 확인함. 
  43. ↑ Dent, Steve (2019년 4월 14일). “Israel's Moon probe snaps a final photo before crashing”. Engadget. 2019년 4월 14일에 확인함. 
  44. ↑ “Beresheet Crash Site Spotted!”. Arizona State University. 2022년 11월 12일에 확인함. 
  45. ↑ “LROC Observation M1098722768L”. 
  46. ↑ “LROC Observation M1101080642R”. 
  47. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (2019년 5월 15일). “Moon Crash Site Found! NASA Probe Spots Grave of Israeli Lunar Lander”. SpaceNews. 2019년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  48. ↑ David, Leonard (2019년 4월 17일). “Did NASA Experiment Survive Israeli Moon Lander's Crash?”. SpaceNews. 2019년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  49. ↑ 가 나 Oberhaus, Daniel (2019년 8월 5일). “A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades on the Moon”. 《Wired》. 2019년 8월 6일에 확인함. 
  50. ↑ Resnick, Brian (2019년 8월 6일). “Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the Moon - The tardigrade conquest of the Solar System has begun.”. 《Vox》. 2019년 8월 6일에 확인함. 
  51. ↑ Alvarez, Tamara (2020년 1월 1일). 《The Eighth Continent: An Ethnography of Twenty-First Century Euro-American Plans to Settle the Moon》 (학위논문). 164-166쪽. 2022년 2월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 11월 1일에 확인함. 
  52. ↑ “SpaceIL” – Facebook 경유. 
  53. ↑ Keyser, Zachary (2019년 11월 28일). “SpaceIL heading back to space, mission to Mars on the horizon”. 《The Jerusalem Post》. 2019년 12월 13일에 확인함. 
  54. ↑ Jerenberg, Batya (2019년 11월 25일). “SpaceIL reveals new moon mission set for 2022, with Mars attempt in works”. 《World Israel News》. 2019년 12월 13일에 확인함. 
  55. ↑ “Israel launches second bid to put a lander on the moon; UAE may join”. 《The Times of Israel》. 2020년 12월 9일. 2020년 12월 10일에 확인함. 
  56. ↑ 틀:WGSBNB
  57. ↑ 가 나 다 Firefly to partner with IAI on lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 9 July 2019
  58. ↑ 가 나 Israel’s failed lunar lander will live on in the design of Firefly Aerospace's new Moon spacecraft Loren Grush, The Verge 9 July 2019
  59. ↑ Firefly Genesis 보관됨 27 1월 2021 - 웨이백 머신 Firefly Aerospace Accessed on 13 September 2019
  60. ↑ “In parallel with rocket development, Firefly launches lunar lander initiative”. Spaceflight Now. 2020년 4월 1일. 2021년 3월 5일에 확인함. 
  61. ↑ 가 나 Foust, Jeff (2021년 2월 4일). “Firefly wins NASA CLPS lunar lander contract”. SpaceNews. 2021년 2월 4일에 확인함. 

외부 링크 편집

 
위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 자료가 있습니다.


이 문서는 일반 이름공간으로 이동될 경우 다음 분류에 배치될 예정입니다.
분류:
원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=사용자:Aspere/베레시트&oldid=34804108"