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우리반에 있는 내 옆자리 미친놈 : (다른 학생들을 건드리고 시비를 걸며) 빼애애애애애애애액!!!!!
{{위키데이터 속성 추적}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = 자폐
| synonyms = 자폐증<br />자폐 장애<br />자폐특성<br />자폐성 장애
| image = Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg
| alt = Boy stacking cans
| caption = 물건을 반복적으로 쌓아올리는 것은 자폐 특성을 지닌 아이들에게 자주 나타나는 행동이다.
| field = [[정신의학]]
| symptoms = [[인간 관계|사회 소통]] 문제, [[통신|대화]] 장애, 제한된 관심, 반복적 행동<ref name="Land2008">{{저널 인용|vauthors= Landa RJ |title= Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life |journal= Nat Clin Pract Neurol | volume= 4 |issue=3 |pages=138–147 |year=2008 |pmid= 18253102 |doi= 10.1038/ncpneuro0731 | doi-access= free}}</ref>
| complications = 사회적 격리, 고용 문제, 가족 스트레스, [[집단 따돌림]], [[자해]]<ref>{{웹 인용|title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |accessdate=13 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| onset = 2 ~ 3세<ref name=NIH2016>{{웹 인용|title= NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |accessdate= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{vcite book | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition | chapter = Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0) | editor = American Psychiatric Association | year = 2013 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing | pagex = 50–59}}</ref>
| duration = [[만성|장기간]]<ref name=NIH2016/>
| causes = [[자폐의 유전 가능성|유전]] 및 환경 요인<ref name="Ch2012">{{저널 인용|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682}}</ref>
| risks =
| diagnosis = 행동 및 발달 이력에 따라<ref name=NIH2016/>
| differential = [[반응성 애착 장애]], [[지적 장애]], [[조현병]]<ref>{{서적 인용|vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press, New York |date=9 February 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-516830-3 |oclc=466433183 |lccn=2005027740 |page=72 }}</ref>
| prevention =
| management = [[행동치료]], [[언어병리학|언어치료]], [[신경정신약물]]<ref name="CCD2007">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–1182 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | url = https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="San2016">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Sanchack KE, Thomas CA | title = Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 94 | issue = 12 | pages = 972–979 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28075089 }}</ref><ref>{{저널 인용| vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}</ref>
| medication = [[비정형적 항정신병제제|항전신병제제]], [[항우울제]], [[각성제]](관련 증상)<ref name="Ji2015">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}</ref><ref name="Oswald DP 2006">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{저널 인용| vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}</ref>
| prognosis =
| frequency = 24,800,000 (2015)<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{저널 인용| author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref>
| deaths =
}}
'''자폐'''(自閉; autism)는 공감 능력 결여, [[의사 소통]]의 어려움과 제한적이고 반복적인 행동을 특징으로 하는 [[발달 장애]]의 일종이다. 최근에는 자폐장애의 진단기준 가운데 온전히 만족하지 않는 [[자폐 스펙트럼 장애]](autism spectrum disorder, '''ASD''')의 구분에 대한 논의가 이어지고 있다. '''자폐증'''(自閉症), '''자폐장애'''(自閉障碍), '''자폐특성'''(自閉特性)이라고도 한다.
대부분의 자폐는 2~3세의 아동기부터 발견되며 성장기 동안 전반적 발달에 문제를 보인다. 자폐의 빈도는 대략 1,000명에 1~2명 꼴인 것으로 조사되었고, 자폐 스펙트럼 장애(ASD)는 약 1% 내외의 아동에게 진단된다.<ref >{{웹 인용|url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |title = ASD data and statistics |publisher = CDC.gov |access-date= 11 July 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |archive-date = 18 April 2014}}</ref> 발생 원인은 명확히 밝혀져 있지 않으나, 유전적·환경적 요소가 복합적으로 작용하는 것으로 추정된다.<ref>{{저널 인용|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |doi=10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.3/pchaste |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682}}</ref>
== 역사 ==
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