가정용 컴퓨터

가정용 컴퓨터 또는 홈 컴퓨터(home computer)는 가정에서 주로 사용될 목적으로 만들어진 컴퓨터를 일반적으로 지칭하는 말이다. 가정용 컴퓨터는 1977년에 시장에 출시되어 1980년대에 일반화되었던 마이크로컴퓨터 종류이다. 이 제품은 처음으로 기술적 지식이 없는 단일 사용자를 대상으로 하는 저렴하고 접근 가능한 컴퓨터로 소비자에게 판매되었다. 이러한 컴퓨터는 일반적으로 CP/M 또는 IBM PC를 실행하는 컴퓨터와 같은 당시의 비즈니스, 과학 또는 엔지니어링 중심 컴퓨터보다 비용이 훨씬 저렴하고 일반적으로 메모리 및 확장성 측면에서 덜 강력했던 독특한 시장 부문이었다. 그러나 가정용 컴퓨터는 최신 업무용 컴퓨터보다 그래픽과 사운드가 더 나은 경우가 많다. 가장 일반적인 용도는 워드 프로세싱, 비디오 게임, 프로그래밍이었다.

1980년대에 어린이들이 비디오 게임 《페이퍼보이》를 엠스트레드 CPC 464에서 즐기고 있다.

텐디 컬러 컴퓨터 3와 같은 대부분의 가정용 컴퓨터들은 베이직 프로그래밍 언어 프로그램을 제공하였다.

가정용 컴퓨터는 일반적으로 세련된 금속이나 플라스틱 인클로저에 이미 제조되어 판매되었다. 그러나 일부 가정용 컴퓨터는 구매자가 키트에서 장치를 조립할 수 있었기 때문에 가정용 컴퓨터이자 집에서 만든 컴퓨터인 싱클레어 ZX80과 같은 상업용 전자 키트로도 제공되었다.

초기 가정용 컴퓨터에 대한 대중 언론의 광고에는 레시피 목록 작성부터 개인 금융, 홈 자동화에 이르기까지 가정에서 실제로 사용할 수 있는 가능성이 무궁무진했지만 실제로는 거의 실현되지 않았다. 예를 들어, 일반적인 1980년대 가정용 컴퓨터를 홈 자동화 기기로 사용하려면 컴퓨터의 전원이 항상 켜져 있어야 하며 이 작업에만 전념해야 한다. 개인 금융 및 데이터베이스 사용에는 지루한 데이터 입력이 필요했다.

대조적으로, 전문 컴퓨터 언론의 광고는 종종 단순히 사양을 나열하고 지식이 풍부한 사용자가 이미 응용 프로그램을 염두에 두고 있다는 가정하에 이루어졌다. 특정 응용 프로그램에 사용할 수 있는 패키지 소프트웨어가 없는 경우 가정용 컴퓨터 사용자는 컴퓨터 프로그래밍과 시스템의 특성을 배우는 데 필요한 시간을 투자했다면 이를 프로그래밍할 수 있었다. 대부분의 시스템은 시스템 ROM에 BASIC 프로그래밍 언어가 포함되어 출시되었기 때문에 사용자가 자신만의 간단한 애플리케이션을 만드는 것이 쉬웠다. 많은 사용자는 프로그래밍이 재미있고 보람 있는 경험이며 디지털 기술의 세계에 대한 훌륭한 소개라고 생각했다.

오늘날 사업용 컴퓨터와 가정용 컴퓨터 시장의 차이는 완전히 사라졌는데, 이는 이 두 부류의 컴퓨터들이 일반적으로 동일한 프로세서 구조, 주변기기, 운영 체제, 응용 프로그램을 사용하고 있기 때문이다. 가정용 컴퓨터 시대에서의 또다른 변화는 가정용 컴퓨터를 이용할 때 자신만의 소프트웨어 프로그램을 기록하려는 노력을 거의 들일 필요가 없다는 점이다.^[1]

역사

가정용 컴퓨터의 5파동: 1976년부터 1986년까지:


출처	^[a]^[b]^[c]^[d]^[e]

같이 보기

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가정용 컴퓨터

각주

↑ Jeremy Reimer (December 2005). “Personal Computer Market Share: 1975-2004”. 《Ars Technica》. 2012년 6월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 2월 13일에 확인함.

내용주

↑ In 1978 a Z80 based home computer called the Exidy Sorcerer was introduced, starting at $895. It was similar to the TRS-80 but ran the industry standard CP/M operating system. Also in 1978, in Japan, Sharp introduced its Sharp MZ computer aimed at consumers. It was the first of a series of Z80 machines which sold well in Europe. Later in 1982 Sharp launched its similar but more advanced X1. Another early and (relatively) inexpensive Z80 computer was the Heathkit H89 first available in 1979. It cost $2295 preassembled or $1595 as a kit. It used its own OS called HDOS but later CP/M became standard.
↑ In late 1979 Apple upgraded its Apple II with the II Plus. Tandy/Radio Shack replaced its Model I with the shielded, all-in-one Model III, which added a few new features. This period is unique because for the first time used computers became available, as owners upgraded to newer models. Users satisfied with older technology but interested in saving money could find bargains not only for the computers but also for peripherals. Technically savvy individuals often found that newer technology could be retrofitted to obsolete computers. In the Netherlands in 1982, a small firm called MCP (Music Computer Products) made a hybrid Model III-CP/M computer they called the Aster CT-80, which was notably advanced.
↑ In October 1983 the Coleco Adam was developed from the Colecovision game console. It caused a commotion in the market with advanced features (Z80 chip with 64KB memory and CP/M capability, color graphics, decent keyboard and letter-quality printer), an existing large library of game programs, and an affordable price, but suffered from major technical deficiencies. The Commodore 16 was a low-end machine meant to compete against the TI, Mattel Aquarius, and Timex/Sinclair computers. It lost importance when these competitors were withdrawn. Further, it was technically related to the failed business-oriented Commodore Plus/4 and was incompatible with the VIC-20 and C-64, which doomed it to obscurity. Atari also produced the 600XL, a smaller companion to the 800XL. It had 16 KB RAM but was otherwise similar. Tandy/Radio Shack also produced the ultra-cheap lesser-known MC-10. In the UK, Acorn produced its Electron, which was a budget version of the BBC Micro, and Dragon Data in Wales produced a Color Computer workalike based on the 6809, the Dragon 32. In Japan, Fujitsu marketed the Coco-like FM-7.
↑ See text below for descriptions of other popular PCs for the home market: Epson Equity, Leading Edge Models M and D, Hyundai Blue Chip, Amstrad PC-1512, Zenith eaZy PC, and Commodore and Atari PC-compatibles. Also during this period Apple introduced its Apple IIc and Tandy/Radio Shack the last of its Z80 powered line, the TRS-80 Model 4D.
↑ In late 1990 Apple produced its Macintosh LC (Low Cost), which was meant to compete with cheap PCs for the home and small business markets. It was priced around $3000 with a color monitor. The Commodore 64 was repackaged as the C-64C, the Atari 800XL was repackaged as the Atari 65XE, and an enhanced version with 128 KB of banked RAM was produced as the Atari 130XE. The Atari STs evolved into the 32-bit TT030 and Falcon, and Amigas likewise grew into various models (A600, A1200, A2000, A3000, A4000) with 32-bit 680x0 CPUs with faster clock rates and megabytes of RAM. In Japan, in 1987 Sharp produced its advanced X68000 strictly for the Japanese market. All these updated computer lines, 8-, 16-, and 32-bit, continued to sell into the early 1990s.

[reimer-1] Jeremy Reimer (December 2005). “Personal Computer Market Share: 1975-2004”. 《Ars Technica》. 2012년 6월 6일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 2월 13일에 확인함.

[Trinity-2] In 1978 a Z80 based home computer called the Exidy Sorcerer was introduced, starting at $895. It was similar to the TRS-80 but ran the industry standard CP/M operating system. Also in 1978, in Japan, Sharp introduced its Sharp MZ computer aimed at consumers. It was the first of a series of Z80 machines which sold well in Europe. Later in 1982 Sharp launched its similar but more advanced X1. Another early and (relatively) inexpensive Z80 computer was the Heathkit H89 first available in 1979. It cost $2295 preassembled or $1595 as a kit. It used its own OS called HDOS but later CP/M became standard.

[Rise-3] In late 1979 Apple upgraded its Apple II with the II Plus. Tandy/Radio Shack replaced its Model I with the shielded, all-in-one Model III, which added a few new features. This period is unique because for the first time used computers became available, as owners upgraded to newer models. Users satisfied with older technology but interested in saving money could find bargains not only for the computers but also for peripherals. Technically savvy individuals often found that newer technology could be retrofitted to obsolete computers. In the Netherlands in 1982, a small firm called MCP (Music Computer Products) made a hybrid Model III-CP/M computer they called the Aster CT-80, which was notably advanced.

[Golden-4] In October 1983 the Coleco Adam was developed from the Colecovision game console. It caused a commotion in the market with advanced features (Z80 chip with 64KB memory and CP/M capability, color graphics, decent keyboard and letter-quality printer), an existing large library of game programs, and an affordable price, but suffered from major technical deficiencies. The Commodore 16 was a low-end machine meant to compete against the TI, Mattel Aquarius, and Timex/Sinclair computers. It lost importance when these competitors were withdrawn. Further, it was technically related to the failed business-oriented Commodore Plus/4 and was incompatible with the VIC-20 and C-64, which doomed it to obscurity. Atari also produced the 600XL, a smaller companion to the 800XL. It had 16 KB RAM but was otherwise similar. Tandy/Radio Shack also produced the ultra-cheap lesser-known MC-10. In the UK, Acorn produced its Electron, which was a budget version of the BBC Micro, and Dragon Data in Wales produced a Color Computer workalike based on the 6809, the Dragon 32. In Japan, Fujitsu marketed the Coco-like FM-7.

[PCs-5] See text below for descriptions of other popular PCs for the home market: Epson Equity, Leading Edge Models M and D, Hyundai Blue Chip, Amstrad PC-1512, Zenith eaZy PC, and Commodore and Atari PC-compatibles. Also during this period Apple introduced its Apple IIc and Tandy/Radio Shack the last of its Z80 powered line, the TRS-80 Model 4D.

[68000s-6] In late 1990 Apple produced its Macintosh LC (Low Cost), which was meant to compete with cheap PCs for the home and small business markets. It was priced around $3000 with a color monitor. The Commodore 64 was repackaged as the C-64C, the Atari 800XL was repackaged as the Atari 65XE, and an enhanced version with 128 KB of banked RAM was produced as the Atari 130XE. The Atari STs evolved into the 32-bit TT030 and Falcon, and Amigas likewise grew into various models (A600, A1200, A2000, A3000, A4000) with 32-bit 680x0 CPUs with faster clock rates and megabytes of RAM. In Japan, in 1987 Sharp produced its advanced X68000 strictly for the Japanese market. All these updated computer lines, 8-, 16-, and 32-bit, continued to sell into the early 1990s.

[1]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]