사용자:WonRyong/퍼블릭 도메인

이 문서는 영어문서를 주로 번역한 것이기에 한국의 법률과 다를 수 있습니다..

위키피디아 문서인 public domain 또한 참고.

위키피디아에서 말하는 퍼블릭 도메인은 저작권이 제한이 없는(copyright-free) 저작물이다. 누구든지 그것들을 어떤 방법으로도, 어떤 목적으로도 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 퍼블릭 도메인이라 할지라도, 정확한 저작자 이름이나 저작물의 출처는 반드시 요구된다. 그렇지 않으면 그것은 표절(plagiarism)이 된다.

퍼블릭 도메인은 일반적으로 저작권의 보호를 받지 않는 저작물의 총체로 정의된다.(e.g. by the U.S. Copyright Office) 즉,

저작권 보호가 안되는 최초의 장소(예컨대, 정부기관)에서 저작한 경우, 또는
저작물의 저작권이 유효기간이 만료된 경우.

그러나, 인터넷상에서 그러한 의미의 퍼블릭 도메인은 없다.

베른협약과 같은 국제 조약들은 자기강제(self-executing) 법률이 아니고, 또한 국내법에 우선하지 않는다. 세계적으로 유효한, 국내법에 우선하는 국제 저작권 법은 없다. 대신에, 가입국들은 그들의 법률을 이 협약의 최소요구조건에 합치하도록 수정했다. 경우에 따라서는 요구사항보다 훨씬 강화된 규정을 만들기도 했다. 저작물이 저작권의 제한이 없는지의(copyright-free) 여부는 그들 개별 국가의 법률에 따라 다르다. 위키피디아와 위키피디아 재단은 미국 플로리다주 법에 기반한다.

비록, 인터넷에 적용하기에 법률이 좀 불명확하기도 하지만. 위키피디아와 관련한 주요한 법률은 미국 연방법률이다. 위키피디아 내용을 재사용하는 이들에게는, 그들 각각의 나라의 법률이 적용된다.

In the U.S., any work published before January 1, 1923 anywhere in the world is in the public domain. Other countries are not bound to that 1923 date, though. Complications arise when special cases are considered, such as trying to determine whether a work published later might be in the public domain in the U.S., or when dealing with unpublished works. When a work has not been published in the U.S. but in some other country, that other country's copyright laws also must be taken into account. Re-users of Wikipedia content also might find the explanations here useful.

중요한 문서들

베른협약(Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works)은 국제 저작권을 규율하는 대표적인 입법문서이다. Full text. 가입국들은 그들의 법률을 이 협약의 최소요구조건에 합치하도록 수정할 것을 동의한다. 그러나 협약 자체는 법률이 아니다. 가입국들은 베른협약의 일부 조항(paragraph)으로 부터 예외일 수 있는 권리를 가진다. 그리고 베른협약을 어떻게 추가 보완할 것인지도 국내 입법에 의한다.
미국 저작권법(U.S. Copyright Law) Title 17 of the United States Code (17 USC)은 1장내지 8장, 그리고 10장내지 12장이 관련사항을 규정하고 있다. 9장과 13장은 반도체 칩과 선박의 선체 설계를 보호하는 내용이라서 위키피디아와는 관련이 없는 내용들이다.
EU 저작권 규약(EU Copyright Directive)은 유럽연합의 모든 회원국들이 저작권 규정을 조율하기 위해 하나로 통합한(binding) 규약이다. 회원국들은 그들의 법률을 이 규약에 따르도록 수정했다. Full text (1993), plus a 2001 amendment modifying §3(2).

미국 저작권법은 베른협약은 단지 조약일 뿐 국내법에 우선하는 법률이 아니라는 점을 명확히 한다: 17 USC 104(c) 미국 저작권법 104조 C항은 다음과 같이 규정한다 :

"No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto...."

저작권 이슈에 대한 비공식적인 토론을 할 때에, 어떤 이는 그럼에도불구하고 베른협약을 들먹일지 모른다: "베른협약 A조에 따르면"이라고 쓰는 것은 "(어떤) 국가의 저작권법 B조에 따르면" 이라고 고쳐져야 한다. 여기서 B조는 A조에 대한 보충법임을 말한다. 베른협약의 일부 조항들은 옵션이고, 어떤 나라도 베른협약에 명시된 최소 표준보다 더 강화된 규율이 가능하다는 점을 유념해라.

저작권을 보호받기가 부적당한 저작물들

요약: 미국 연방정부의 저작물들, 또는 창의적이지 않은 내용물

정부의 저작물들

미국에서, 연방정부는 저작권 보호를 받지 않는다(17 USC §105).

It stands to reason that this applies world-wide, for it is not evident how the U.S. government could assert copyright in some other country over a work that cannot be copyrighted by its own laws in the originating country (the U.S.).

Still, there are differing opinions, see the CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7.

For all practical purposes, however, we can assume works produced by the U.S. government or its employees in the course of their duties to be copyright-free and in the public domain world-wide.

실제, 이것은 *.gov and *.mil 사이트의 대부분의 정보들과, 또한 일부의 *.us 사이트의 정보들이 퍼블릭 도메인이라는 의미이다. (예를들어, 미국 산림청의 사이트) 그러나 주의를 요하는 것은, 그 정보들이 모두 퍼블릭 도메인은 아니라는 점이다.

미국 정부 사이트들도 저작권이 있는 자료들을 이용하는 경우가 있다. 라이센스를 받았거나, 공정한 사용(fair use)의 조건하에 사용하는 경우도 있다. 일반적으로, 연방정부 사이트에 실린 그러한 저작권이 있는 저작물들에는 아래에 저작권이 표시되어 있다.

An example are "visitor image galleries" on U.S. National Park Service websites:

unless these have some indication that the photographs are placed in the public domain by publishing them on that NPS web site, these images are copyrighted by their photographers, who are visitors of national parks, not employees of the NPS.

일부의 미국 주정부도 *.gov 를 사용하기도 한다. 주정부들은 대게 그들의 저작물에 대한 저작권을 보유하고 있다. (사실, 오직 캘리포니아 주정부만, 정기적으로 퍼블릭 도메인에 자신들의 저작물을 싣는다. See {{PD-CAGov}}.)
미국 저작권법 제105조(17 USC §105)는 오직 연방 문서들만 퍼블릭 도메인으로 할 것을 규정한다.
미국 정부로부터 계약을 맺어서 만든 저작물들은 저작권이 있다.

이것의 전형적인 경우는 정부와 계약한 외부 연구소의 문서들이다. Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL)가 그 예이다. 이 곳은 미국 에너지부와의 계약하에 운영되나, 연방정부기관이 아니다.

ORNL works are copyrighted, and the U.S. government is granted a non-exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works.

The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re-use of their works is prohibited.

만약 원저작자가 저작권을 미국정부에 양도(assign or transfer)한 경우에는, 미국 연방정부가 저작권을 보유하는 경우도 있다.

For other countries, it may also be assumed that works that originate there and cannot be copyrighted by the respective local laws of the originating country are in the public domain world-wide.

Works ineligible for copyright protection in the country of origin cannot miraculously become copyright protected in some other country.

다른나라 정부들은 저작권을 보유하고 있을지도 모름에 주의하라: 사실, 대부분의 정부들은 저작권을 그들의 저작물에 대해 저작권을 가지고 있다. (미국 연방정부만 특별나게, 저작권이 없다는 이야기인 듯)

Under U.S. law, laws themselves and legal rulings also form a special class.

All current or formerly binding laws, codes, and regulations produced by government at any level and the public record of any court case are in the public domain. [1]

The applies even to the laws enacted in states and municipalities that ordinarily claim copyright over their work.

The US Copyright Office has interpreted this as applying to all "edicts of government" both domestic and foreign. (Yes, indeed!)

비창의적 저작물들

A second category of works that in general cannot be copyright protected are those that have no (or no significant) creative content. 미국에서, 대표적인 예는 전화번호부 책자이다. The names and numbers therein are, in the doctrine of case law (e.g. Feist v. Rural), "facts that were discovered", rather than the result of a creative expression or judgment. The U.S. has explicitly rejected the position that the amount of effort involved in the discovery a fact can justify its protection. As a result of this doctrine, addresses, phone numbers, most scientific data, sports scores, the results of polls, and similar facts are exempt from copyright.

While the facts themselves are exempt, other creative elements in a compilation of facts may warrant copyright protection. For example, Eckes v. Card Prices Update established that the specific selection of which facts to include in a list, when done as the result of a creative act, merits protection even when the individual elements do not. Similarly, though scientific data are usually exempt from copyright, the specific figures and styles of presentation used to present that data will in most cases merit copyright protection. Also, in some cases facts that are exempt from copyright may still be protected as a result of patent law.

Another class of uncreative works which are unable to claim copyright protection in the U.S. are those resulting from mechanical reproduction. Following Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., a simple reproductive photograph of a two-dimensional artwork does not give rise to a new copyright on the photograph. Descriptions (including diagrams) on patent applications in the U.S. are published into the public domain by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office [2]. Portions may be copyrighted, but the patent holder must, as part of the patent application process, testify that the copyright holder(s) of the copyrighted part(s) agree(s) to allow anyone to make facsimile reproductions of the copyrighted parts of the description [3].

However, it should be noted that photographic reproductions, as a form of derivative work, may inherit the copyright of the original work. If that artwork is in the public domain, then so is the photograph. If, however, the depicted work is copyright protected, then, although there is no independent copyright on the photo itself, it cannot be considered to be in the public domain as the original rights holder still has the authority to control how reproductions of his work, including photographs, are made and distributed. The same applies to digitized images.

It should also be noted that the exemption of reproduction photographs extends only to two-dimensional artwork in the U.S. A photograph of a three dimensional statue may acquire copyright protection even if the statue itself belongs to the public domain. Such rights derive from the creativity involved in the positioning of camera, lighting, and other variables. Furthermore, the exemption for reproductive photos is not universally recognized by other countries.

한국 판례

대법원 2001. 5. 8. 선고 98다43366 판결

【판시사항】

[1] 사진저작물이 저작권법에 의하여 보호되는 저작물에 해당되기 위한 요건

[2] 광고용 카탈로그의 제작을 위하여 제품 자체만을 충실하게 표현한 사진의 창작성을 부인한 사례

[3] 제품 광고용 사진저작물의 저작권 침해로 인한 손해액의 산정방법

When does copyright expire?

In short: it depends, but always at the end of a year.

The Berne Convention was designed to ensure that works protected in the country of origin were also protected in all other signatory countries without the rights holder having to register claims in each and every of these countries. Thus the laws of the originating country of a work determine whether something is copyright protected at all, and if so, the Berne Convention ensures that it is automatically copyright protected in all other signatory countries, too, under their respective laws (§5(1) of the Berne Convention).

(The originating country or country of origin is that country where the work was initially published, or in the case of unpublished works, defined by the author's nationality or "habitual domicile". See §3 of the Berne Convention. If a work is published within 30 days in several countries, it can have multiple "countries of origin"!)

Copyright protection is granted only for a certain period of time—barring pathological cases where some work is placed under a perpetual copyright protection. Different countries have different copyright terms: in some countries, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death (also called "50 years p.m.a.", post mortem autoris; this is the minimum standard required by the Berne Convention), others have a 70-year period (70y p.m.a.), Spain has 80y p.m.a., Mexico even 100y p.m.a. Many countries also have special rules, depending on when a work was first published, whether it was first published in that country or not, whether the author is known or not, and other things. For instance, a work published with a © notice in the U.S. between 1963 and 1977 (inclusive) is copyright protected in the U.S. until 95 years after the date of the initial publication! Peter Hirtle has compiled a very useful chart showing when and under what conditions the copyright of a work expires in the U.S. Many countries also know or at least knew different copyright terms for text and photographic works.

Basically all countries in the world specify that when a copyright expires, it does so at the end of the year. Thus, works of an author who died on June 27, 1935 will not become copyright-free on June 28, 2005 but only on January 1, 2006 under a "70 years p.m.a." rule.

The rule of the shorter term

In brief: The "rule of the shorter term" says that copyright protection in any signatory country of the Berne Convention ends when the copyright expires in the originating country. This rule is not binding. The U.S. has not adopted it, the European Union and Japan have done so.

While the Berne Convention does harmonize bringing works under copyright protection in the first place, it does not similarly harmonize the expiration of copyright. The Berne Convention prescribes a minimum standard for copyright terms any signatory country must adhere to (50y p.m.a.), but any signatory is free to prescribe longer durations in its laws. To be fair, §7(8) of the Berne Convention does specify a "rule of the shorter term", which says that the copyright term can in no case exceed the copyright term in the originating country of a work. However, signatory countries have the right to "opt out" from this rule, and it depends on individual countries' implementation acts whether they do follow this rule. The copyright on a work may thus expire in one country and enter the public domain there, but the same work may still be copyrighted in other signatory countries!

Alas, the United States does not recognize this "shorter term" rule. The European Union does, however, adopt such a rule via-a-vis non-EU members (see §7(1) of the EU Copyright Directive). Within the EU itself, however, the contrary is true: §10(1) states that longer terms already running remained in effect, and §10(2) states that the 70y p.m.a. applied to all works protected in at least one member country. As a result, there is a transitory phase in which works that already were out of copyright in one EU country suddenly became copyright protected again in that country on July 1, 1995 because they were still protected in some other EU country. See "World-War II images" below. Japan also honors the rule of the shorter term, see §58 of the Japanese Copyright Law.

국가별 특유한 법률

요약: 최초의 출판은 중요하다. 그러나 그 확인은 어렵다.

Because copyright expiry is governed by local laws, some special noteworthy cases exist, in particular for photographs. These cases are interesting for Wikipedia if a work was not published in the U.S., because then, the law of the originating country must be examined. There is a whole slew of country-specific image copyright tags for precisely that purpose; see the list of image copyright tags. However, being in the public domain in its home country does not automatically mean that the work was also in the public domain in the U.S. Wherever these country-specific tags are used, they should be accompagnied by a rationale explaining why the image is thought to be in the public domain in the U.S., too. (Remember that Wikipedia is primarily subject to U.S. law!)

Some examples of such country-specific rules are:

In Australia, the copyright on photographs taken before May 1, 1969 expired 50 years after the creation. (For photographs taken later, it expired 50 years after the first publication.) As a result of the Australia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA), new legislation became effective on January 1, 2005, extending the copyright term (also on photographs) generally to 70 years p.m.a, but explicitly ruling out a revival of copyright on works whose copyright had already expired. Any photographs created before January 1, 1955 are thus in the public domain in Australia. The same also hold true for other works, which were protected 50 years p.m.a. prior to January 1, 2005: any work of an author who died before January 1, 1955 is in the public domain in Australia. See Infosheet G-23: Duration of Copyright by the Australian Copyright Council. These rules even apply for works where the government holds the copyright, i.e. that are under Crown copyright. (There is the template {{PD-Australia}} for tagging such images.)
In Canada, any photograph created (not published!) before January 1, 1949 and not covered by Crown copyright is in the public domain. This is a consequence of the Canadian Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act, which replaced the old rule for photographs ("copyright expires 50 years after creation of the work") by 50 years p.m.a., but not retroactively applying the new rule to works that were already in the public domain by the effective date of the bill, January 1, 1999 (see [4] at the bottom). Wikipedia has the template {{PD-Canada}} for tagging such images.

User:Quadell has compiled an exhaustive list of the current situation in many countries that may help dealing with such cases; and the UNESCO maintains a collection of copyright laws from many countries around the world. For works (photographs and others alike) not published in the U.S., the following rule applies:

If the work was in the public domain in the country of origin as of January 1, 1996, it is in the public domain in the U.S. (Even if it was published after 1923, but only if no copyright had been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.)

January 1, 1996 is the date the U.S. Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) became effective. The URAA implemented TRIPS, part of the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations, in U.S. law. It had the effect of automatically restoring copyrights of works that were still copyrighted in their country of origin but whose copyright had lapsed in the U.S. due to non-compliance with technical formalities such as proper registration of the copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office.

For the above cases, this means:

Australian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not published in the U.S., and where no copyright was registered in the U.S., are in the public domain in Australia and the U.S.
Other works first published in Australia whose author has died before January 1, 1946 and where no copyright was registered in the U.S. are also in the public domain in Australia and the U.S.
Canadian photographs taken before January 1, 1946, not subject to Crown copyright, not published in the U.S., and where no copyright was registered in the U.S. are in the public domain in Canada and the U.S.

Additionally, because of the rule of the shorter term, such photographs are likely to be also in the public domain in Europe and in Japan, unless published there. (For the EU, one may probably even apply the 1955 and 1949 cut-off dates.)

The obvious difficulty here is to show that any particular work was indeed not published in the U.S, especially when considering works by Canadians. Even worse, one has to show that the work was indeed first published in Australia or Canada, respectively. If it was published in the U.S., the whole deliberation about copyright expiry in other countries doesn't come to play at all—the work is copyrighted in the U.S. (unless it was published before 1923, or in a few very specific, difficult to verify cases, see "copyright notices" below). If the work was published first in some third country—such as the United Kingdom—that third country is the country of origin, and consequently, one has to apply that country's copyright regulations to determine whether the work's copyright had expired by January 1, 1996. There are some other problems, too:

If a work has multiple countries of origin because it was published in several countries within 30 days, it is unclear what rules would apply. Most probably, the copyright on the work would have to be expired in all of them by January 1, 1996 for the work to be in the public domain in the U.S.
It is entirely unclear how retroactive legislation would affect this rule. What if a work had been in the public domain in its country of origin on January 1, 1996, but that country subsequently modified its copyright laws such that the work's copyright was reactivated?

While the author of a photography can often be determined quite easily, it may be rather difficult to ascertain where and when a particular image was first published. And strictly speaking one would also have to verify that a non-U.S. work was not covered by copyright in the U.S. by virtue of some bilateral agreement of the U.S. and the foreign country (see [5] and "Circular 38a" in the "external links" section below). Country-specific public domain tags must therefore be used with the utmost care only.

출판된 저작물 대 출판되지 않은 저작물

요약: 1923년은 출판되지 않은 저작물에는 적용되지 않는다.

So far, we have only considered published works. What does published mean? A work is published when it is made accessible in some non-ephemeral form to the public at large with the consent of its author. Ephemeral forms of making the work accessible do not constitute publication. To quote the Berne Convention, §3.3:

The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication.

As long as a work is not published, it is unpublished. (Also note that by publication, the work must be made accessible to the general public. Hanging a painting on one's bedroom wall does not constitute publication. It is unclear how to interprete the Berne Convention's phrasing on art exhibitions and building construction. How else could one "publish" such works if not by exhibiting or building them?)

Why is this important at all for Wikipedians? How could you come across an unpublished work?

One possibility is a photograph that was never published while it would have been copyright protected, turns up later in some collection, and then is published. Of course, it ceases to be an unpublished work at that moment. The rules of the U.S. copyright law are as follows:

If the author and his death year are known, the copyright expires 70 years after his death, unless the eventual publication occurred between 1978 and 2002 (inclusive). In that case, the work is copyright protected at least until December 31, 2047.
In all other cases (anonymous works, works made for hire, unknown author or death date unknown), the work is considered copyright protected until 120 years after its creation.

The Berne Convention leaves it to any signatory country to make its own rules regarding unpublished anonymous works (see §15(4)). Unpublished works by a known author, however, are subject to the same minimum protection (50 years p.m.a) as published works.

저작권 공지

요약: 더 이상 공지할 필요가 없다.

베른협약에 의하면, 저작권은 자동적으로 부여된다: 등록도 필요없고, 저작권이 있다는 것을 표시할 필요도 없다.

For U.S. works there are therefore some special cases that place even works published after 1923 in the public domain. However, the necessary conditions are hard to verify.

공동 저작물은 최초 출판일로 부터 최소 95년간 보호를 받거나, 그 창작으로부터 120년간 보호를 받는다.

최초에 타국에서 출판되었으나, 미국에서는 출판되지 않은 저작물에 대해서는 "country-specific rules"를 참조.

Example cases

This section is intended to show the effect the aforementioned rules using a few example images.

제2차 세계대전 사진들

요약: 저작권이 있다.

Already the copyright situation in Germany concerning such images is confusing. Originally, these images were subject to the Kunsturhebergesetz (KUG) from 1907, which provided for a copyright term for photographs of 10 years since the publication, or 25 years p.m.a. for unpublished works. In 1940, the KUG was modified to provide a copyright term of 25 years since publication, applicable also to all works that were either still unpublished or still copyright protected (§26). In 1965, the first version of the German Urheberechtsgesetz (UrhG) became effective, again with a copyright term of 25 years since publication, or 25 years since creation, if the image was not published in that time (§68). As a result, photographs from the World-War-II era went out of copyright at the end of 1970.

However, with the EU Copyright Directive from 1993, which became effective in Germany on July 1, 1995, these works suddenly became copyright protected again, until 70 years p.m.a! This was caused by Spain's longer copyright term of 80 years p.m.a. suddenly superseding Germany's old "25 years"-rule that had been governing World-War-II-era images. As a result, a 1943 image that had been in the public domain since 1968 became copyright protected again in 1995 with a term of 70y p.m.a. See this German article for the details.

As a result, such images were copyright protected on January 1, 1996 (which is the critical date as far as U.S. copyright law is concerned), and therefore, they are copyrighted even in the U.S.

A plausible exception may perhaps be made for German World-War-II photographs found in U.S. governmental archives, where such images usually are considered as being in the public domain. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum even tags some such images as "© USHMM", although it is entirely unclear on what grounds they do so! It is also unclear what the U.S. position on "official" images of the Nazi regime is. It should be noted that even the NARA acknowledges German copyrights from the war era on certain of its holdings.

In general, such images cannot be tagged as being in the public domain. However, fair use cases can be made in many cases (historical images, no other way to obtain equivalent illustrations).

Canadian images: Yousuf Karsh

Yousuf Karsh (1908 – 2002)의 사진들은 Library and Archives Canada (LAC)사이트에서 많이 찾아볼 수 있는데, 이 사진들은 저작권 유효기간이 지나서 사용에 제한이 없는 것들이다. 사실, 그 사진들은 여러 사용자들에 의해 위키백과에 많이 업로드 되면서 퍼블릭 도메인이라고 태그가 붙여졌다. 그러나, 이것은 오직 캐나다 내에서만 적용된다. 이 사진들은 전세계적으로 퍼블릭 도메인이 맞는지 매우 세심하게 심사되어야만 한다. As it turns out, this is not the case for most of them.

몇가지 예제들:

Yousuf Karsh가 찍은 알베르트 아인슈타인 사진 (출처: [6])

마침내, 2005년 11월 6일, 이 사진은 영어 위키백과에서 {{PD-Canada}}와 함께 {{PD-Canada}} 태그가 붙여졌다.

The image was definitely published in Karsh, Y.: Portraits of Greatness, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1959, and Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, 1959, p. 68. (See [7].) Whether that is the first publication of the image is unknown. Following Peter Hirtle's chart, and even assuming the first publishing occurred in Canada, the image was still copyrighted in Canada on January 1, 1996 (its copyright in Canada expired on December 31, 1998) and thus is still copyrighted in the U.S. The simultaneous publishing of the book also in the UK makes it copyrighted there, and by extension through the EU Copyright Directive all over the European Union. Unless the EU would also consider it a Canadian work, in which case the "rule of the sorther term", which the EU does apply to non-EU countries, might make it copyright-free there—but that's a stretch and would depend on whether the Canadian and UK publishing occurred within 30 days (and hence be "simultaneous") or not. CameraPress in London does claim copyright on this image. If this image was even published (or should that be "first published"?) in the U.S., it would definitely be copyrighted in the U.S. While one would have to check whether its copyright was renewed to be absolutely sure, it's a fairly safe bet that the Karsh Estate did do so.

Image:Winston Churchill 1941 photo by Yousuf Karsh.jpg (Commons에 올려진 사진), 출처: [8].

이것은 최초에, 미국의 Life지에 1941년 또는 1942년판의 표지사진으로 출판되었던 것으로 드러났다. (예제 참고. [9].)

저작권이 갱신되었는지를 체크하는 것이 필요했으나, 저작권이 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다.(There, too, a check whether the copyright was renewed would be needed, but it would be a surprise if it wasn't. ) 그 사진은 아직까지도 저작권이 있는 것이다. 그러나, Yousuf Karsh에서 심도있게 토론한 결과, 그 사진은 Karsh의 경력에 매우 중요한 것이기 때문에 fair use 조항에 의해 영어 위키백과에는 Yousuf Karsh 문서에 한해서 올려질 수 있었다.

Image:VerePonsonby.jpg from [10]. According to [11], this was (first) published in newspapers across Canada and Britain. Its Canadian copyright expired on December 31, 1983, and it is thus likely to be in the public domain in the U.S., too. (Not copyrighted anymore on January 1, 1996.) However, if there is a UK copyright on it, or if it was (simultaneously, first?) published in the U.S., it might nevertheless be copyrighted in the U.S.
Note that the book Karsh, Y.: Karsh Canadians, Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto 1978, ISBN 0-8020-2317-7, is copyrighted in the U.S. (copyright registered December 6, 1978; registration number TX-385-199).

Image:PaulRobesonByYousufKarsh.jpg, from [12]. Image from 1938, published in Karsh, Y.: Faces of Destiny, Ziff-Davies Publishing, New York 1946, and George G. Harrap, London, 1946. Original copyright registered with the U.S. Copyright Office on December 16, 1946 (Registration Number A9354), renewed December 3, 1974 (Registration Number R592433). See [13]. Therefore, copyright on this work (and all the images included therein, assuming that was their original publication) expires in the U.S. only on December 31, 2041.

Yousuf Karsh는 한동안 두개의 사무실을 운영했기 때문에, 그의 모든 사진들은 복잡한 문제를 야기한다. 하나는 캐나다 오타와에 있었고, 다른 하나는 뉴욕시에 있었다.

참조 항목

외부 링크

Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States by Peter Hirtle.
Collection of National Copyright Laws by the UNESCO.
On-line database for copyright registrations and renewals in the U.S. since 1978
TIFF scans of the registry of the U.S. Copyright Office 1950 - 1977, with a bias towards books.
International Copyright Relations of the U.S. – Circular 38a of the U.S. Copyright Office.