사용자:배우는사람/문서:Poetic Edda - Völuspá
Völuspá 편집
1. 편집Hljóðs bið ek allar |
Hearing I ask for from all hallowed kindreds, |
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2. 편집Ek man jötna |
I remember jǫtuns born long ago, | ||
3. 편집Ár var alda, |
It was early in the ages, when nothing was,5 | ||
4. 편집Áðr Burs synir |
Before the sons of Burr raised up the lands, | ||
5. 편집Sól varp sunnan, |
From the south cast Sól,9 companion of Máni, | ||
6. 편집Þá gengu regin öll |
Then all the regin went to judgement seats, | ||
7. 편집Hittusk æsir |
The Æsir gathered at Iðavǫllr,13 | ||
8. 편집Tefldu í túni, |
They played tafl in the enclosure,14 were happy, | ||
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9. 편집Þá gengu regin öll |
Then all the regin went to judgement seats, | ||
10. 편집Þar var Móðsognir |
There Móðsognir had become the greatest | ||
11. 편집Nýi, Niði, |
Nýi, Niði, Norðri, Suðri, | ||
12. 편집Veggr ok Gandalfr, |
Veggr and Gandalfr, Vindalfr, Þorinn, | ||
13. 편집Fíli, Kíli, |
Fíli, Kíli, Fundinn, Náli, | ||
14. 편집Mál er dverga |
It is time to list the dwarves in Dvalin's kindred | ||
15. 편집Þar var Draupnir |
There was Draupnir and Dolgþrasir, | ||
16. 편집Alfr ok Yngvi, |
Alfr and Yngvi, Eikinskjaldi, | ||
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17. 편집Unz þrír kvámu |
Until three21 came of that company | ||
18. 편집Önd þau né áttu, |
They did not possess ǫnd,23 they did not have óðr,24 | ||
19. 편집Ask veit ek standa, |
I know an ash stands, which is called Yggdrasill, | ||
20. 편집Þaðan koma meyjar |
From there come maidens knowing much, | ||
21. 편집Þat man hon folkvíg |
She remembers the war of peoples, the first in the world, | ||
22. 편집Heiði hana hétu |
Heiðr they called her wherever she came to the houses, | ||
23. 편집Þá gengu regin öll |
Then all the regin went to judgement seats, | ||
24. 편집Fleygði Óðinn |
Óðinn let fly and shot into the crowd, | ||
25. 편집Þá gengu regin öll |
Then all the regin went to judgement seats, | ||
26. 편집Þórr einn þar vá |
Thor alone there struck full of fury | ||
27. 편집Veit hon Heimdallar |
She knows Heimdal's ear has been stowed away45 | ||
28. 편집Ein sat hon úti, |
Alone she sat out, when the old man came, | ||
29. 편집Valði henni Herföðr |
For her Herfather chose rings and necklaces, | ||
30. 편집Sá hon valkyrjur |
She saw valkyries coming from afar, | ||
31. 편집Ek sá Baldri, |
I saw for Baldr, for the bloody sacrifice, | ||
32. 편집Varð af þeim meiði, |
There came to be of that pole, which seemed slender, | ||
33. 편집Þó hann æva hendr |
Nonetheless he did [not] wash his hands or comb his hair, | ||
34. 편집Þá kná Váli |
Then can Váli56 twist the battle-fetters, | ||
35. 편집Haft sá hon liggja |
A captive she saw lying under Hveralundr, | ||
36. 편집Á fellur austan |
A river falls from the east through dales of poison,57 | ||
37. 편집Stóð fyr norðan |
There stood to the north on Niðavǫllr | ||
38. 편집Sal sá hon standa |
A hall she saw standing far from the sun, | ||
39. 편집Sá hon þar vaða |
She saw there wading the burdensome streams | ||
40. 편집Austr sat in aldna |
In the east sat the old female in Járnviðr | ||
41. 편집Fyllisk fjörvi |
It fills itself with the vitals63 of the doomed64 | ||
42. 편집Sat þar á haugi |
There sat there on a barrow and struck his harp | ||
43. 편집Gól of ásum |
There crowed above the Æsir Gullinkambi, | ||
44. 편집Geyr nú Garmr mjök |
Now Garmr barks a lot in front of Gnipahellir, | ||
45. 편집Bræðr munu berjask |
Brothers will fight each other and be each other's bane, | ||
46. 편집Leika Míms synir, |
Mím's sons play, but fate's measure is lit | ||
47. 편집Skelfr Yggdrasils |
Shudders the ash Yggdrasill70, standing there, | ||
48.72 편집Hvat er með ásum? |
What ails the Æsir? What ails the Álfar? | ||
49. 편집Geyr nú Garmr mjök |
Now Garmr barks a lot in front of Gnipahellir, | ||
50. 편집Hrymr ekr austan, |
Hrymr drives from the east, lifts his shield in front of him, | ||
51. 편집Kjóll ferr austan, |
The ship75 sails from the east, will come Múspell's | ||
52. 편집Surtr ferr sunnan |
Surtr travels from the south with the destruction of switches,78 | ||
53. 편집Þá kemr Hlínar |
Then comes Hlín's second grief to pass, | ||
54. 편집Geyr nú Garmr mjök |
Now Garmr barks a lot in front of Gnipahellir, | ||
55. 편집Þá kemr inn mikli |
Then comes the great offspring of Sigfather, | ||
56. 편집Þá kemr inn mæri |
Then comes the great offspring of Hlóðyn, | ||
57. 편집Sól tér sortna, |
Sól is seen to blacken, the earth sinks in the sea, | ||
58. 편집Geyr nú Garmr mjök |
Now Garmr barks a lot in front of Gnipahellir, | ||
59. 편집Sér hon upp koma |
She sees coming up a second time | ||
60. 편집Finnask æsir |
Æsir come together at Iðavǫllr | ||
61. 편집Þar munu eftir |
There will afterwards the wondrous | ||
62. 편집Munu ósánir |
Unsowed the fields will grow, | ||
63. 편집Þá kná Hænir |
Then Hœnir knows how to89 choose the lots90 | ||
64. 편집Sal sér hon standa |
A hall she sees standing fairer than the sun, | ||
65. 편집Þá kemr inn ríki |
Then comes the powerful one to the divine judgement, | ||
66. 편집Þar kemr inn dimmi |
Then comes the dusky dragon flying, |
References: 편집
1. spjǫll: both history and an account of history, news, a tale. firar: used of humans, of gods, and of both humans and gods; the last seems most appropriate here.
2. fædda: can mean anything from "gave birth to" through "raised" to "fed", so it could be rendered "parented" or "took care of"; the ending tells us the speaker is female.
3. íviðjur: a rare word for "giantesses" that begins with the prefix í-, "in" - usually here rendered "rooms", but Dronke points out the poet is either punning on viðr, "wood, tree" or using the word in its original precise sense, for the giantesses from whom the roots of the World Tree grow. Cleasby-Vigfússon also has "giantesses."
4. mjǫtvið: "measure-wood," the World Tree. In Cleasby-Vigfússon this is seen as an error for mjǫtuðr, which occurs in verse 46. Olive Bray has "Fate Tree."
5. þar er ekki var, reading taken from the Prose Edda; most editions follow the Codex Regius and have þar er Ymir byggði, "when Ymir dwelt," for this line.
6. A reference to Ginnungagap; but it is unclear whether it is a reversal of the name or whether there was actually an Old Norse verb ginna, "to yawn, gape"; Dronke suspects that ginnunga- was borrowed from Old High German ginung (a word for Chaos derived from a verb "to gape") just as Muspell was borrowed from Old High German Muspilli or Mutspilli.
7. salar: literally "hall."
8. The leek, laukr, here deliberately chosen to stand for all plants because of its size and nobility, commonly contrasted with grass (mentioned at the end of verse 3), as Guðrún says that Sigurðr towered over other men like the leek over grass.
9. Sól is both the name of the goddess and the word "sun"; however, Máni is almost always the god rather than the moon itself (Cleasby-Vigfússon). I have therefore treated both as deities, and also Nótt (night) in the following verse.
10. The rest of the verse is only in the Prose Edda and Dronke regards it as interpolation by Snorri replacing something more about the cosmic mill turning the heavens.
11. The first element in ginnheilög is related to that in Ginnungagap, although it is usually taken as simply an intensifier.
12. Undorn and its cognates have shifted in meaning but appear to have originally meant mid-afternoon.
13. Iðavǫllr has been translated "Plain of Activity" or "Plain that Renews Itself"; Dronke calls it "Eddying Plain." Hollander translates it "Shining Plain."
14. The base meaning of tún is the fenced-in plot around a farmhouse; it can be used specifically as "meadow" or "home-field."
15. This is plural. Another manuscript variant has it as singular; and Finnur Jónsson suggested amending it to hvárt, "whether [they] should. . . ."
16. or "arms and legs" or the bones of them.
17. Some manuscripts have ór jörðu, which would mean "made out of earth."
18. North, South, East, and West.
19. Sjöt can mean both a dwelling and a host, a horde of people.
20. The word ǫld can also mean "world."
21. The manuscripts have a feminine form here, þriar.
22. ǫflugr is otherwise applied to none of the gods except twice to Heimdallr; ástkir is a hapax legomenon, I am using Cleasby-Vigfusson's interpretation.
23. Roughly, "breath"
24. Roughly, "spirit"
25. lá: "the line of foam that edges the shore"; in Modern Icelandic it is used of a film on liquid. In one saga it appears to be used of complexion. Since the trees did have a skin, a hard one, I have used "softness". læti: all human behaviour.
26. Plural; often used specifically for "complexion"
27. ausinn: the same verb as in the vatni ausa, the sprinkling of a baby with water at name-giving
28. aurr: wet clay or humus
29. spring-fed pool or well of Urðr.
30. Ørlǫg is always (neuter) plural, so this could be that of humans in general or of individuals. (In this word, the two mutated sounds need to be distinguished, so I have used the stricter spelling. Elsewhere I follow the Old Norse text we are using in using modern Icelandic ö)
31. Styðia can be "to stab" or "to prop up".
32. Hárr, "Hoary," is of course a name of Óðinn, but so is Hár, which can mean "High One" but is also an old word for "Blind." The metre requires two syllables on the name here. Also the word used here for "hall," hǫll, is the word that appears in Valhǫll and that it has been suggested originally referrred to an underground cavern; previously in the poem the word salr has been used.
33. This could mean either that her spá-work was good or that it always forecast nice things. vel spá is two words in the manuscript, but compound words were not usually written joined together.
34. Vitti (written vítti by Dronke) is the past tense of an otherwise unknown vitta, presumably related to vitka, "to bewitch", vitki, "sorceror," and vítt, "equipment for magic or heathenry." In the Historia Norvegiæ, gandr has the specific meaning of fylgja or fetch-form, but elsewhere it is used very generally of sorcerors' equipment. So this could also be "summoned spirits."
35. Divergent manuscript readings. In the Codex Regius this line reads seið hon kunni - "she knew seiðr."
36. Again Codex Regius varies, omitting hug: "she practised seiðr entranced."
37. angan, literally "sweet smell" since it derives from the verb anga, "to smell nice", occurs only here and in verse 53, both times as a metaphor.
38. afráð is a legal term for a tax paid to a king, but afráð gjalda can also be an idiom for "get the short end of the stick."
39. gildi here has also been interpreted as "an association," as in English "guild."
40. Borg basically means a fort. It has been translated "citadel."
41. vígspá, technically "war-spá"; knáttu . . . vǫllu sporna, as Dronke says, recalls knátti . . . moldveg sporna, "kicked the earth with their heels" of the two children born healthy in "Oddrúnargrátr," which suggests rebirth after they are cut down in battle. However, the two half-lines have also been read as "the Vanir worked war-magic, bestrode the field", with knáttu taken with vígspá.
42. Læ could be specifically "treachery" or generally "evil."
43. the simpler interpretation; Dronke points out it could also be "oaths collided".
44. The simpler reading here would be "that were between them [the gods and the giant-builder]", but there is a parallel passage cited by Dronke from a grammatical treatise, and it is fóro, "came", not vóro, "were".
45. Hljóð is a famous problem; it can be "hearing" (as in verse 1), "ear", or "voice". Folgit is past participle of fela, which can mean either "conceal, hide" or "give for safekeeping, entrust".
46. Yggr, "the terrible", is a name of Óðinn; the force of the ending -ungr is unclear here, but etymologically it is a patronymic, like -ing.
47. Both these verbs are in the plural - "you all".
48. fala again, as in 27.2.
49. Brunnr: a pool from which a river rises.
50. Fékk is an emendation; the manuscript has fe (fé, "wealth"). Two half-lines may have been lost. There is obvious punning on spaklig and spá, in the next half-line.
51. Ganda (genitive plural of gandr) is more clearly "spirits" here than in verse 22.
52. Verǫld can signify "age of mankind" but here probably means "world".
53. These last 4 halflines are usually seen as an interpolation. Note the kenning, "Nannas (females) of Herjan (Lord of Hosts, Army-Leader - another name of Óðinn, as are of course Valfather and Her (Army)father.
54. Tívur/Tívor is a unique word (hapax legomenon) in Old Norse but appears to be cognate with A-S tíber/tífer and ON tafn, both of which mean a creature that is sacrificed, and possibly Old High German ceburhaftiu, with a similar meaning. It is probably not formed from tívar, the plural of týr, "god". Folgin: same word as folgit in verse 27.
55. Vǫllum; same word as vǫllu in verse 24, but here plural.
56. This half stanza only appears in the Hauksbók version of the poem, where it replaces the first half of verse 35. The manuscript actually reads vala - which would leave the verb with no subject and is thus amended to Váli.
57. Based on literary parallels, this is often taken to mean the water is so cold it sears the flesh like poison.
58. i.e., the jótunn; Brimir is also mentioned in stanza 9. Snorri takes Sindri as the name of the first hall.
59. Eyrarúna, "woman who whsipers in your ear", is only found here and in Hávamál.
60. fæddi: either "bore," "nursed," or "reared."
61. Tungl can theoretically be any heavenly body, but had already become the word for the moon in ON prose; máni is only used in poetry. Also explicit mentions of the sun follow.
62. hamr: skin, usually referring to the form one takes on when shapeshifting.
63. fjǫr is cognate with A-S feorh, "life," and in modern Icelandic is used for "vitality," but in poetry generally refers to the body.
64. feigr, "doomed to die." Manna means people of both sexes.
65. fagrrauðr: light red as opposed to dark red.
66. The manuscript has veit hón, "she knows".
67. Rǫk is the same word as in á rǫkstóla, referring to "judgement seats." In this combination, ragna rǫk or ragnarǫk, it is usually rendered with the older word "doom," but I have kept the translation consistent to show the irony of the poet's wording.
68. Since spilla is the common verb for "defiling" a woman sexually, this is often taken as distinct from the previous 2 halflines and about incest, not kin-killing.
69. Either in pitch or in loudness.
70. Literally: Yggdrasil's ash.
71. These last 4 problematic half-lines are only in Hauksbók.
72. From here through verse 54, the manuscripts vary considerably in the order of verses.
73. Hlakka has connotations of exulting, screaming with joy
74. Niðfǫlr is the H and Prose Edda reading; nið is properly the dark of the moon. The Codex Regius has neffǫlr, "pale-beaked"; níðfǫlr, "pale in malice", has been suggested.
75. or "a ship".
76. or "monster-men".
77. Loki.
78. sviga læ: kenning for fire.
79. Angan, as in verse 22, is a metaphorical use of a word meaning "sweet smell".
80. Hveðrungr is another name for Loki, based on Ynglingatál 32, where Hel is called Hveðrungs mær.
81. or perhaps "defender of the vés"
82. Níð here refers to Jǫrmungand's intent, but also possibly connotes the actual poison. The line is difficult; despite agreeing in case with naðri, it has often been taken as "not concerned about malice", referring to Thor being fearless or having no reason to worry about not being remembered well.
83. In Faroese, eimi means "hot ash"; aldrnari, "saving of mankind, nourisher of life", is found only here and in the list of kennings for fire in the þulur, but the cognate and related words occur in Anglo-Saxon.
84. A rare poetic word that is the same as Ægir's name.
85. Compare the opening of verse 7; Hauksbók has the same verb, hittaz.
86. máttkan moldþinur: i.e. Jǫrmungandr. Dæma can also mean "discuss, converse" in poetry.
87. These two halflines are in Hauksbók but not in the main Codex Regius manuscript.
88. The manuscript reads vel valtivar, so an alternative amendment is vés valtívar, "slaughter-gods of the vé".
89. Kná is sometimes just an intensifying "does".
90. In hlautvið, hlautr presumably has its primary meaning, denoting use to draw lots or in divination, rather than the meaning given to it in Heimskringla, the blood from the blót (used in divination).
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