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사용자:올리브 가지/작업장3

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Duklja around 1000 (shown in green), bordering Travunia in the northwest, Raška in the north, and the Bulgarian Empire in the east. To its southeast was the Byzantine Theme of Dyrrhachium, extending along the southeast coast of the Adriatic Sea.

두클랴는 중세 초기 세르비아 공국으로, 국경은 현재의 몬테네그로와 대부분 일치한다.[1] 943년경 차슬라브의 사후 세르비아 공국이 붕괴되면서 대국으로 크게 부상했다. 차슬라프의 세르비아 영토의 범위는 분명하지 않지만, 적어도 라슈카(현재의 중앙 세르비아의 일부)와 보스니아를 포함한 것으로 알려져 있다. 라슈카는 이웃한 세르비아의 공국인 트라부니야, 자훔레(오늘날의 헤르체고비나 남부, 달마티아)와 함께 두클랴의 정치적 지배하에 들어갔다.[2][3] 동로마인들은 종종 두클랴를 세르비아라고 불렀다.[4]

1000년경, 아직 소년인 블라디미르는 그의 부친 페트리슬라브의 뒤를 이어 두클랴의 통치자가 되었다.[5] 페타르는 동로마 제국과 밀접한 관계에 있었다는 것을 보여주는 일차적인 자료에 의해 그 존재가 확인될 수 있는 두클랴의 초기 통치자로 여겨진다.[5][6][7][8]

공국은 남부에 젠타 지방, 북부에 포드고리아 지방으로 구성되어 있었다. 지역 전승에 따르면 블라디미르의 궁정은 몬테네그로 남동부에 위치한 스카다르 호수 근처의 코슈타니차 마을에 있는 크랄리치라고 불리는 언덕 위에 있었다고 한다.[9][10] 크랄지치 근처에는 블라디미르 시대에 이미 존재했던 프레치스타 크라인스카 교회(테오토코스께 헌정됨)의 유적이 있다.[11] 18세기 교회사가 다니엘레 파를라티에 따르면, 세르비아 통치자들의 궁정과 거주지가 크라이나에 있었다고 한다.[12]

블라디미르의 치세는 1299년에서 1301년 사이에 완성된 두클랴 사제 연대기 36장에 자세히 설명되어 있으며,[13] 34장과 35장은 그의 아버지와 삼촌들에 대해 다룬다. 연대기의 이 세 장은 아마도 1075년에서 1089년 사이에 두클랴에서 쓰여진 블라디미르의 잃어버린 전기에 기초한 것으로 보인다.[6][14] 연대기와 11세기 동로마 제국의 역사가 요안니스 스킬리지스는 블라디미르를 현명하고 경건하며 공정하고 평화로운 통치자로 묘사했다.[15][16]

블라디미르의 치세는 동로마 제국의 황제 바실리오스 2세(r. 976–1025)와 불가리아 제1제국의 차르 사무일(r. 980–1014) 사이의 장기간에 걸친 전쟁과 겹친다. 바실리오스 2세는 사무일에 맞서는 그의 전쟁을 위해 발칸반도의 통치자들의 지지를 구했을 것이고, 그는 이러한 목적을 위해 두클랴와 외교적 접촉을 강화했다. 두클랴에서 보낸 세르비아 외교 사절단이 992년에 동로마 제국의 수도 콘스탄티누폴리스에 도착했고 993년에 쓰여진 대 라브라 수도원의 a charter에 기록되었다.[17]

In 1004 or 1005, Basil recovered from Samuel the city of Dyrrhachium,[18] a major stronghold on the Adriatic coast,[19] south of Duklja. Since 1005, Basil had also controlled the coastal lands north and south of that city,[20] parts of the Byzantine Theme of Dyrrhachium.[21] Byzantium thus established a territorial contact with Prince Vladimir's Duklja, which was in turn connected to the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, consisting of Adriatic towns northwest of Duklja. The Republic of Venice, an ally of Byzantium, militarily intervened in Dalmatia in 1000 to protect the towns from attacks by Croats and Narentines. Venetian rule over Dalmatia on behalf of Basil was confirmed by the emperor in 1004 or 1005. Svetoslav Suronja, a Venetian ally, was crowned Croatian king. Venice, the Dalmatian towns, Croatia, and Vladimir's Duklja, were thus aligned in a compact pro-Byzantine bloc connected to Byzantium via Dyrrhachium.[18]

 
 
Remains of the Church of the Most Pure Theotokos of Krajina, popularly called Prečista Krajinska, which stood near Vladimir's court. Best preserved is the bell tower at the church's western wall.

The close relations with Byzantium, however, did not help Prince Vladimir. Samuel attacked Duklja in 1009 or 1010, as part of his campaign aimed at breaking up that pro-Byzantine bloc, which could have threatened him.[18] Vladimir retreated with his army and many of his people to his fortress on a hill named Oblik, close to the southeastern tip of Lake Skadar.[5] According to the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, he performed a miracle there: the hill was infested with venomous snakes, but when he offered up a prayer to the Lord, their bites became harmless.[15]

Part of Samuel's army lay siege to the hill, and the remainder attacked the nearby coastal town of Ulcinj, which was part of the fortification system of the Theme of Dyrrhachium. Vladimir eventually surrendered, a decision the chronicle attributed to his wish to deliver his people from famine and the sword. He was sent to a prison in Samuel's capital of Prespa, located in western Macedonia.[5] Having failed to conquer Ulcinj, which received men and supplies by sea from Dalmatian towns, the tsar directed his forces towards Dalmatia. There, he burned the towns of Kotor and Dubrovnik, and ravaged the region as far northwest as Zadar. He then returned to Bulgaria via Bosnia and Raška.[18] A consequence of this campaign was the Bulgarian occupation of Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Bosnia, and Raška.[5] Venetian, and indirectly Byzantine power in Dalmatia was weakened. Samuel had succeeded in breaking up the pro-Byzantine bloc.[18]

The chronicle states that while Vladimir languished in the Prespa prison, praying day and night, an angel of the Lord appeared to him and foretold that he would shortly be freed, but that he would die a martyr's death. His fate in captivity was described in a romantic story involving him and Theodora Kosara, Tsar Samuel's daughter. This is the chronicle's description of how they met:[22]

It came to pass that Samuel's daughter, Cossara, was animated and inspired by a beatific soul. She approached her father and begged that she might go down with her maids and wash the head and feet of the chained captives. Her father granted her wish, so she descended and carried out her good work. Noticing Vladimir among the prisoners, she was struck by his handsome appearance, his humility, gentleness and modesty, and the fact that he was full of wisdom and knowledge of the Lord. She stopped to talk to him, and to her his speech seemed sweeter than honey and the honeycomb.

Kosara then begged her father for Vladimir's hand, and the tsar granted her request. He restored his new son-in-law to the throne of Duklja.[22][23] In reality, the marriage was probably a result of Samuel's political assessment: he may have decided that Vladimir would be a more loyal vassal if he was married to his daughter.[2] Resolving thus the question of Duklja, Samuel could concentrate more troops in Macedonia and Thessaly, the main site of his conflict with Byzantium. The chronicle claims that the tsar also gave Vladimir the whole territory of Dyrrachium. The prince could in fact have been given a northern part of that territory, which was partially under Samuel's rule. A brief note on Vladimir by John Skylitzes may indicate that the prince also received some territory in Raška.[5][16] His paternal uncle Dragimir, ruler of Travunia and Zachlumia, who had retreated before Samuel's army, was given back his lands to rule, also as the tsar's vassal.[2][22]

Thereafter, as recorded in the chronicle, "Vladimir lived with his wife Cossara in all sanctity and chastity, worshipping God and serving him night and day, and he ruled the people entrusted to him in a Godfearing and just manner."[24] There are no indications that Vladimir took any part in his father-in-law's war efforts.[2] The warfare culminated in Samuel's disastrous defeat by the Byzantines in 1014, and on 6 October that same year, the tsar died of a heart attack.[17][25] He was succeeded by his son, Gavril Radomir, whose reign was short: his cousin Ivan Vladislav killed him in 1015 and ruled in his stead.[17] Vladislav sent messengers to Vladimir demanding his attendance at the court in Prespa, but Kosara advised him not to go and went there herself instead. Vladislav received her with honor and urged Vladimir to come as well, sending him a golden cross as a token of safe conduct. The chronicle relates the prince's reply:[24]

We believe that our Lord Jesus Christ, who died for us, was suspended not on a golden cross, but on a wooden one. Therefore, if both your faith and your words are true, send me a wooden cross in the hands of religious men, then in accordance with the belief and conviction of the Lord Jesus Christ, I will have faith in the life-giving cross and holy wood. I will come.

Two bishops and a hermit came to Vladimir, gave him a wooden cross, and confirmed that the tsar had made a pledge of faith on it. Vladimir kissed the cross and clutched it to his chest, collected a few followers, and set off for Prespa. As he arrived, on 22 May 1016, he went into a church to pray. When he exited the church, he was struck down by Vladislav's soldiers and beheaded.[5][26] According to Skylitzes, Vladimir believed Vladislav's pledge, told to him by the Bulgarian archbishop David. He then allowed himself to fall into Vladislav's hands, and was executed.[5][16] The motivation behind the murder is unclear. Since Samuel's defeat in 1014, the Bulgarians had been losing battle after battle, and Vladislav probably suspected or was informed that Vladimir planned to restore Duklja's alliance with Byzantium.[5][25] This alliance would be particularly disturbing for Tsar Vladislav because of the proximity of Duklja to Dyrrhachium, which was a target of the tsar's war efforts.[5]

In early 1018, Vladislav led an unsuccessful attack against Dyrrhachium, outside whose walls he found his death.[25] The chronicle asserts that Vladimir appeared before Vladislav when he dined in his camp outside Dyrrhachium, and slew him while he cried for help.[27] The same year, the Byzantine army—led by the victorious Basil—terminated the First Bulgarian Empire.[17] As Vladimir and Kosara had no children, his successor was his uncle Dragimir, the ruler of Travunia and Zachlumia. Accompanied by soldiers, he set off for Duklja to establish himself as its ruler, probably in the first half of 1018. When he came to Kotor, the town's inhabitants ambushed and killed him after inviting him to a banquet, and his soldiers returned to Travunia.[28][29] Duklja was not mentioned again in the sources until the 1030s. Some scholars believe that it was placed under direct Byzantine rule around 1018, while others believe it remained a Byzantine vassal state under an unknown native ruler.[1]

  1. ↑ 가 나 Fine 1991, 202–3쪽
  2. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Fine 1991, 193–95쪽
  3. ↑ Živković 2006, 50–57쪽
  4. ↑ Ostrogorsky 1998, 293, 298쪽
  5. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 Živković 2006, 66–72쪽
  6. ↑ 가 나 Живковић 2009, 260–62쪽
  7. ↑ Živković 2006, "Стефан Војислав".
  8. ↑ Van Antwerp Fine 1991, p.203.
  9. ↑ Jovićević 1922, 14쪽
  10. ↑ Milović & Mustafić 2001, 54쪽
  11. ↑ Jireček 1911, 205쪽
  12. ↑ Farlati 1817, 13 (col 2)쪽
  13. ↑ Живковић 2009, 379쪽
  14. ↑ Живковић 2009, 267–69쪽
  15. ↑ 가 나 Rudger 2010, para. 1
  16. ↑ 가 나 다 Skylitzes & Cedrenus 1839, 463쪽
  17. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Ostrogorsky 1956, 273–75쪽
  18. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Živković 2002, 9–24쪽
  19. ↑ Stephenson 2005, 67쪽
  20. ↑ Stephenson 2005, 70쪽
  21. ↑ Stephenson 2005, 160–62쪽.
  22. ↑ 가 나 다 Rudger 2010, para. 2
  23. ↑ Jireček 1911, 206–7쪽
  24. ↑ 가 나 Rudger 2010, para. 3
  25. ↑ 가 나 다 Fine 1991, 198–99쪽
  26. ↑ Rudger 2010, para. 4
  27. ↑ Rudger 2010, para. 5
  28. ↑ Živković 2006, 76쪽
  29. ↑ Живковић 2009, 272쪽
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