위키백과

사용자:Clockoon/번역/OK Computer

< 사용자:Clockoon‎ | 번역

Background 편집

라디오헤드가 바로 전 1995년에 발표한 앨범 "The Bends"는 성공적이었기 때문에, 그들의 음반사 EMI는 다음 앨범을 그들이 원하는 대로 제작하도록 허용했다. EMI는 또한 당시 잘 알려져있지 않던 사운드 엔지니어 나이젤 고드리치와 함께 작업하도록 허락하는 파격을 보여주기도 했는데, 당시 그는 "The Bend"작업 과정에서 프로듀서였던 존 렉키와 함께 작업한 것 외에는 라디오헤드의 커플링곡을 몇곡 담당했던 경력밖에 없었다. 그들이 고드리치를 고른 이유는 뭔가 새로운 방식으로 앨범을 만들어보고 싶었기 때문이다. [1] The band had begun to dislike traditional recording studios for their "used" and impersonal state,[1] and bassist Colin Greenwood said that, "the only concept that we had for this album was that we wanted to record it away from the city and that we wanted to record it ourselves."[2]

라디오헤드는 작업하고 있던 앨범이 "The Bends"처럼 큰 성공을 거둘 것이라고 예상하지 않았다. 조니 그린우드는 "우리는 원래 두 번째 앨범에서 하고 싶었던 것을 이 앨범에서 다 해봤습니다. 주변에서 뭐라하든 전혀 신경 안쓰고... 이런 음반을 내놓으면 몇명만 우리 음반을 좋아하겠지, 그럼 또 우리는 하고 싶은 걸 하고, 이렇게 생각했던 겁니다."라고 말했다[1]. 그들은 음악적으로나 내용적인 면에서나 The Bends와는 다른 작품을 원했다. 필 셀웨이는 이에 대해 이렇게 말했다. "The Bends 앨범은 일종의 자기성찰적인 면이 강했습니다. 영혼을 탐색하는 듯한 느낌으로 만들었었기 때문에, 다른 앨범에서 똑같이 한다는 건 일종의 고문이었죠."[3]

Recording 편집

라디오헤드는 1996년 초부터 옥스퍼드셔 주의 사과 창고를 개조한 "Canned Applause"에서 녹음을 시작했다. 비록 주변에서 음식을 조달하기 힘들고 화장실이나 상수도 시설이 전무하다는 어려움이 많았지만[2], 이때부터 밴드는 일반적인 스튜디오 환경을 벗어나서 녹음하는 것을 선호하게 되었다. 이 곳에서 "Subterranean Homesick Alien", "Electioneering", "No Surprises", "The Tourist"의 네 곡이 만들어졌다.

1996년 7월에서 8월 사이에 라디오헤드는 투어 일정을 소화하기 위해 녹음을 잠시 중단했다. 그들은 유럽의 페스티발에서 "Airbag" 같은 신곡을 연주했고, 앨러니스 모리세트의 미국 공연에서 오프닝 곡으로 "Paranoid Android", "Let Down", "Climbing Up the Walls" and "Karma Police" 등의 초기 버전을 연주했다. 당시 "Paranoid Android"는 14분 가까이 되는 길이를 갖고 있었으며, 긴 오르간 솔로가 포함되어 있었다. [4] Yorke said, "I think that [because] we were standing in front of 10,000 people in a shed (industry parlance for "indoor amphitheatre") who really weren't that interested in what we were [playing] forced us to do a lot of tidying up of the songs really, really fast... there was something about playing in... huge, sterile concrete structures that was really important to the songs. Because a lot of the songs needed to sound quite big and messy and like they were bouncing off walls."[5]

9월부터, 라디오헤드는 고드리치와 다시 녹음을 시작했다. 그들은 성 캐서린 궁전에서 녹음을 끝마쳤다. 그들은 일정에 대해 음반사로부터 어떠한 압력도 받지 않았지만, 바즈 루어만 감독의 영화 로미오 + 줄리엣에 쓰일 곡 "Exit Music (For a Film)" 만은 데드라인이 존재했다. 그 곡을 제외하면 그들은 자유롭게, 일정을 마음대로 조정해가며 앨범을 만들었다. 하지만 여름에 앨범을 발매하고 싶은 멤버들의 강렬한 욕망 때문에 녹음은 1997년 1월에 끝났고, 3월에 애비 로드 스튜디오에서 믹싱을 완료했다.

The band made much use of the various different rooms and atmospheres throughout the house, and the isolation from the outside world encouraged time to run at a different pace, making working hours more flexible and spontaneous. Guitarist Ed O'Brien, commenting on the process, said he felt that "the biggest pressure was actually completing it. We weren't given any deadlines and we had complete freedom to do what we wanted. We were delaying it because we were a bit frightened of actually finishing stuff". However, the band decided they wanted a new record out by summer, and work was therefore finished by January 1997, and by March 1997, it was mixed at Abbey Road.[6]

Singles and release 편집

According to Selway, "When we first delivered the album to Capitol, their first reaction was, more or less, 'commercial suicide'. They weren't really into it. At that point, we got The Fear. How is this going to be received?"[3] Jonny Greenwood said, "they made a prediction of how many records they planned to sell of OK Computer, before they heard the record. And then they heard the record, and cut the prediction in a half or a quarter, I think."[1]

밴드가 앨범을 음반사에 보냈을 때, 그들은 그것을 발매하는 것이 자살행위이라는 반응을 보였다. 심지어 앨범을 들은 후에는 판매 예상량을 처음 수치의 1/4로 낮추기까지 했다.[3][1]

Although the band's record label "didn't hear anything on OK Computer that sounded even remotely like a single, let alone like 'Creep'",[7] Radiohead chose the six-and-a-half-minute "Paranoid Android" as their lead single anyway. The song charted at #3 in the UK, giving Radiohead their highest single chart position yet, but, because of its length and the lack of a radio edit, the song was not widely played on other radio stations around the world. Subsequent singles "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" did not chart quite as high, but both were within the UK top 10, and "Karma Police" became a hit on alternative and modern rock radio in the United States. It was one of the band's biggest American hits since "Creep".

첫 번째 싱글인 "Paranoid Android"는 그들의 명성에 걸맞게 영국 차트 3위를 기록했다. 하지만 6분 30초라는 길이 때문에(그들은 라디오 버전을 준비하지 않았다) 라디오에서는 거의 방송되지 않았다. 후에 내놓은 "Karma Police"와 "No Surprises"는 그렇게 높은 순위를 기록하지 못했지만(그래도 10위 안에는 들었다), 미국에서는 "Karma Police"가 "Creep" 이후 최대의 성공을 거두었다.

The band also gave credit to their record labels for enthusiastic marketing for the album's success. Parlophone undertook an unorthodox advertising campaign for the album, taking out full-page advertisements in high-profile British newspapers and tube stations. The ads featured the lyrics for "Fitter Happier" written in large black letters on a white background.[3] In America, Capitol Records president Gary Gersh, when asked about the campaign after the album's release, said "We won't let up until they are the biggest band in the world".[7]

"When we were cocooned in the studio making OK Computer, we were immensely proud of it," said Ed O'Brien. "But the longer the recording process went on, the less sure we became— it's very difficult to be objective, anyway. When the tapes went off to record company people all over the world, the marketing people were not exactly optimistic about how it would sell, apart from the UK, which unanimously thought it was fantastic. So we were a little nervous, because we want people to hear our music. There's a lesson to be learned from the album's success. It underlines the fact that radio and record companies underestimate what the general public are capable of listening to. This is not above people's heads. We're people, and we're making it; other people can get it too."[7]

Musical style 편집

Sound and influences 편집

On OK Computer, Yorke said that Radiohead "had a sound in our heads that we had to get on to tape... an atmosphere that's perhaps a bit shocking when you first hear it, but only as shocking as the atmosphere on [the Beach Boys'] Pet Sounds... and composers like Penderecki, which is sort of atmospheric, atonal weird stuff. We weren't listening to any pop music at all, but not because we hated pop music— because what we were doing was pop music... Bitches Brew by Miles Davis was the starting point of how things should sound; it's got this incredibly dense and terrifying sound to it. That's [the sound] I was trying to get— that was the sound in my head. The only other place I'd heard it was on a [Ennio] Morricone record. I'd never heard it in pop music...It wasn't like we were being snobs or anything, it was just like, 'This is saying the same stuff we want to say'."[7]

Radiohead was greatly influenced by composers like Morricone and Penderecki during this time,[8][9] along with DJ Shadow. The album's production style, which was similar to Phil Spector's wall of sound technique,[8] resulted in a completely different musical texture from the band's earlier albums, and a maturation from the style that Radiohead projected with their debut single, "Creep". OK Computer received heavy comparison by the press to Pink Floyd's 1973 album Dark Side of the Moon. Jonny Greenwood praised Pink Floyd's Meddle (1971) but criticised the band's later albums and the genre of "progressive rock", claiming that any musical similarity was unintentional.[1]

Lyrical style 편집

In keeping with this change in musical direction, the band projected a greater amount of paranoia in their lyrics, such as that with "Fitter Happier", a song that Yorke said is a "checklist" of slogans for the 1990s.[10] It is "sung" by the default voice for MacinTalk Pro, spoken text software on Apple Computer's Power Macintosh.[10] Yorke wrote the lyrics originally planning to sing them himself, but said the effect was strangely more emotional when he tried having them "read" by the computer.[11]

이전 앨범에 비해 가사는 더욱 편집증적인 성향을 드러내고 있다. 예를 들어 "Fitter Happier"의 경우, 1990년대의 캠페인 슬로건 들을 단순히 모아놓은 것에 불과하다[10]. 또한 좀 더 개인적인 내용을 담았던 《The Bends》와는 달리, 주변 세계를 "폴라노이드 카메라에 담듯이" 가사로 썼다[7].

톰 요크는 가사를 쓰면서 많은 문학작품으로부터 영감을 얻었다. 노암 촘스키("Electioneering")[7], 세익스피어("Exit Musie(For a Film)")[5], 비틀즈의 "Happiness Is a Warm Gun"과 은하수를 여행하는 히치하이커를 위한 안내서("Paranoid Android")[11] 등이 대표적인 예이다.[12]

Yorke described a change in his lyrics since 1995's more personal The Bends: "On this album, the outside world became all there was... I'm just taking Polaroids of things around me moving too fast".[7] He has cited Noam Chomsky's writings as the main inspiration on "Electioneering",[5] William Shakespeare on the lyrics for "Exit Music (For a Film)",[11] and The Beatles' song "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" and Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy on "Paranoid Android".[11] Although "Paranoid Android" was compared to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in terms of its three-part musical structure, Jonny Greenwood said, "It's not actually complex enough to be 'Bohemian Rhapsody'."[11]

라디오헤드는 이 앨범에서 기술, 세계화, 현대 영국인의 삶 등을 다루고 있지만, 컨셉트 앨범은 아니며[13], 더욱이 톰 요크만의 개인적인 앨범이 아니라 여러 사람들의 다양한 관점을 합친 것이라고 밝혔다.[14] 하지만 오브라이언은 "곡과 곡 사이에는 분명히 연결고리가 존재한다"고 말해, 해석의 여지를 남겼다.[13]

Radiohead maintain that although the songs have themes in common—speed,[1] technology, the global economy, and modern life in the UK—any clear "story" is unintentional and they do not deem OK Computer to be a "concept album".[13] Yorke also denied that OK Computer was a strictly personal album, saying that each song on the album was a "polaroid" from the viewpoint of a different person, even inspiring him to vary his vocal style in each song.[15] However, the band maintained that the album was meant to be heard as a whole. O'Brien said, "We spent two weeks track-listing the album. The context of each song is really important...It's not a concept album but there is a continuity there."[13]

Concept 편집

조지 오웰의 소설 "1984"에서 차용한 듯한 커버 등, "OK Computer"는 전반적으로 디스토피아의 분위기를 묘사하고 있다. 실제로 라디오헤드의 곡 중에는 조지 오웰의 작품에 영감을 받아 쓰여진 작품이 많다[16]. 하지만 톰 요크는 However, Yorke said, "Loads of the music on OK Computer is extremely uplifting. It's only when you read the words that you'd think otherwise."[17] A notable aspect of the album is an apparently circular narrative. In the opening song "Airbag", someone survives a horrific car crash, while the final song "The Tourist" contains the line "they ask me where the hell I'm going / at a thousand feet per second" and ends with a chorus of "hey man, slow down". However, the band said this had not been intentional, but they had noticed it after finalising the track listing.[1]

톰 요크는 앨범 제목의 의미에 대해 이렇게 말했다. "앨범을 발매하기 전에 일본에 홍보 투어를 갔었는데, 투어 마지막 날 한 음반점에서 갑자기 어떤 아이가 소리치는 겁니다. '오케이 컴퓨터!(OK COMPUTER!)' 굉장히 큰 소리였죠. 그런데 거기 모인 500명이 동시에 그 소리를 따라부릅디다...그 장면을 테이프에 녹음해 뒀죠. 정말 놀라운 일이었습니다. 그때 저는 70년대 코카콜라 광고가 기억났습니다. "나는 세상이 노래부르도록 가르치고 싶다(I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing)". 모든 인종과 모든 나라가 이 탄산음료를 마시도록 하겠다는 그런 아이디어... 생각해보면 굉장히 끔찍하고, 우울한 문구였죠...[5] The band have said "OK Computer" was originally the title of a song recorded for the album, which did not make the cut, but was later renamed "Palo Alto" and released as a B-side and on the EP Airbag/How Am I Driving?. 녹음 중의 OK Computer의 가제는 Zeros and Ones였다. 이러한 사실을 근거로 라디오헤드의 2007년 앨범 In Rainbows가 10을 상징한다는 해석이 있다. 자세한 내용은 In Rainbows#10의 상징을 참고하라.

디자인 편집

스탠리 돈우드는 문자와 그림들을 꼴라주 형식으로 배합해서 커버를 만들었다. 그는 다른 라디오헤드의 앨범 커버도 몇 개 제작했는데, 톰 요크도 이에 참여했다. 부클릿에 포함된 몇몇 그림은 톰 요크가 컴퓨터로 만든 것이고, 나머지는 돈우드가 손으로 그렸다. 부클릿 속의 몇몇 문장은 에스페란토로 쓰여졌다.[18] 톰 요크는 앨범 커버가 "노래를 통해 말하지 못한 모든 것"을 나타낸다고 말했다. [6]The album's cover design is a collage of images and text by Stanley Donwood, who is credited with design on several Radiohead covers, along with Yorke. Some of the art is computer-made collages, created by Yorke; other art is hand-drawn work by Donwood. Some of the text is hidden, including several phrases in Esperanto.[19] Yorke explained the artwork's theme, saying, "Someone's being sold something they don't really want, and someone's being friendly because they're trying to sell something. That's what it means to me. It's quite sad, and quite funny as well. All the artwork and so on...we chose to pursue it after we [finished the album]...It was all the things that I hadn't said in the songs."[6]

Reception 편집

Acclaim 편집

OK Computer has been one of the most widely acclaimed albums of the 1990s,[20] appearing in many critics' lists and audience polls. Examples:

  • It was on the shortlist for the 1997 Mercury Music Prize.
  • In 2001, Q Magazine placed it at number 1 in a list of the Top 100 albums of all time.[21]
  • In 2003, NME named it the 16th greatest album of all time.
  • In 2003, Pitchfork Media placed it at number 1 in a list of Top 100 Albums of the 1990s.[22]
  • 틀:RS500
  • In 2005, it was selected by Spin Magazine as the number one album of the past 20 years.[23]
  • In 2006, it was chosen by TIME Magazine as one of the 100 best albums of all time.[24]

Criticism 편집

Despite near-unanimous critical approval at the time of release and since, a few have criticized the album. Robert Christgau granted OK Computer a B- but said the album lacked "soul", calling it "arid" and comparing it unfavourably to Pink Floyd.[25] Andy Gill wrote for The Independent in an otherwise positive review, "For all its ambition, OK Computer is not, finally, as impressive as The Bends, which covered much the same sort of emotional knots, but with better tunes. It is easy to be impressed by, but ultimately hard to love, an album that so luxuriates in its despondency".[26]

Legacy 편집

As OK Computer was released during the waning days of Britpop and during sweeping political changes in the United Kingdom, it was seen by critics to encompass popular opinion in the UK with its themes, explaining its enthusiastic reaction in that country.[27] Yorke said his lyrics had been affected by reading a book about the two decades of Conservative government which were just coming to an end in 1997, as well as about factory farming and globalisation.[28] However, in interviews Yorke expressed little hope things would change under the "New Labour" government of Tony Blair.[6] With the approach of the year 2000, many people felt the tone of the album was millennial.[28]

Some critics have credited OK Computer with "killing" 1990s Britpop,[29] as within a few years of its release, the dominant style of UK guitar pop had become slower and more melancholy. Many of the newer acts also utilized similarly complex, atmospheric arrangements. The band Travis worked with Radiohead's own producer Nigel Godrich to create the languid pop texture of The Man Who, which became the biggest selling album of 1999 in the UK. Some also credited Radiohead with beginning a mainstream revival of progressive rock and ambitious concept albums,[30] though the band denied their affiliation with the genre. In fact, members described the prevalence of bands that "sound like us" as one reason to break with the style of OK Computer for their next album, Kid A.[31]

Several rock bands which later became popular, ranging from Coldplay, Muse[32] and Bloc Party[33] to TV on the Radio,[34] have said they were formatively influenced by OK Computer. It has also been cited by some electronic, jazz and classical[35] musicians as an influence. Songs from the album have been widely covered by other acts, and entire OK Computer cover albums in different styles have been released, such as 2006's reggae and dub tribute Radiodread, or Stereogum's 2007 indie rock tribute OKX.

Notes 편집

  1. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 Cordes, Marcel (1998-01-29). “Interview with Jonny”. FollowMeAround.com. 2007년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ 가 나 Glover, Adrian (1997-08-01). “Radiohead - Getting More Respect”. 《Circus》 (GreenPlastic.com). 2007년 5월 21일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Cantin, Paul (1997-08-19). “Radiohead's OK Computer confounds expectations”. 《Ottawa Sun》 (GreenPlastic). 2007년 3월 27일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ “Thom Yorke loves to skank”. 《Q Magazine》 (AtEaseWeb.com). 2002-08-12. 2007년 5월 21일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Sakamoto, John (1997-06-02). “Radiohead talk about their new video”. Jam!. 2007년 4월 27일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ 가 나 다 라 “Renaissance Men”. 《Select》 (followmearound.com). 1997-12-01. 2007년 5월 26일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 “The Making of 'OK Computer'”. 《Spin magazine》. Citizen Insane. 1998-01-01. 2007년 3월 27일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ 가 나 Randall, Mac (1998-04-01). “The Golden Age of Radiohead”. 《Guitar World》 (GreenPlastic). 2007년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ “The Making of OK Computer”. 《The Guardian》 (greenplastic.com). 1997-12-20. 2007년 6월 23일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ 가 나 다 “Radiohead- Fitter Happier”. radiohead.tripod1.com. 2007년 6월 18일에 확인함. 
  11. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 Sutherland, Mark (1997-05-31). “Return of the Mac!”. 《Melody Maker》 (GreenPlastic.com). 2007년 5월 27일에 확인함. 
  12. ↑ "Paranoid Android"는 그 유사성 때문에 퀸의 "Bohemian Rhapsody"와 비교되곤 하지만, 밴드는 이를 부정했다.
  13. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Wadsworth, Tony (1997-12-20). “The Making of OK Computer”. 《The Guardian》 (GreenPlastic.com). 2007년 5월 9일에 확인함. 
  14. ↑ Sutcliffe, Phil (1997년 10월 1일). “Death is all around” (영어). followmearound.com. 
  15. ↑ Sutcliffe, Phil (1997-10-01). “Death is all around”. 《Q Magazine》 (followmearound.com). 2007년 6월 23일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ Kid A의 수록곡 "Optimistic"의 가사는 "동물 농장"에서 인용한 것이고, Hail to the Thief의 수록곡 "2+2=5"는 "1984"의 내용을 따르고 있다. 또한 밴드는 2005년 자신들에 블로그에 그의 말을 인용했다. "정치적 언어란... 거짓말을 진실되게, 살인자를 믿음직스럽게, 또 추한한 겉모습을 순수한 바람처럼 보이게 하기 위해 만들어진 것이다."
  17. ↑ Plagenhoef, Scott (2006-08-16). “Interview: Thom Yorke”. 《Pitchfork.com》 (Pitchfork Media). 2007년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ 이에 대한 번역은 [1]를 참고하라.
  19. ↑ Translations into English can be found in an unofficial Radiohead FAQ here.
  20. ↑ 인용 오류: <ref> 태그가 잘못되었습니다; ACC라는 이름을 가진 주석에 텍스트가 없습니다
  21. ↑ “Radiohead romp home in Q poll”. 《BBC》. 2007년 2월 21일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ “001. OK Computer”. 《Pitchfork》. pitchfork.com. 2007년 6월 23일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ “01. OK Computer”. 《Spin Magazine》. spin.com. 2007년 6월 23일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ Tyrangiel, Josh; Light, Alan (2006년 11월 13일). “The All-Time 100 albums”. 《Time》. 2007년 5월 5일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Christgau, Robert. “Radiohead.”. 
  26. ↑ Gill, Andy. First Impression: 'OK Computer' by Radiohead, The Independent, 13 June 1997. reprinted in findarticles.com, 2005.
  27. ↑ Lusk, Jon. “Radiohead: OK Computer”. 《BBC》. bbc.co.uk. 2007년 5월 23일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ 가 나 “OK Computer cover story (Is OK Computer the Greatest Album of the 1990s?)”. 《Uncut Magazine》. uncut.com. 2007-01-01. 2007년 7월 13일에 확인함. 
  29. ↑ “Ten Years On – Death Of Britpop”. 《BBC 6 Music》. bbc.co.uk. 2006년 6월 14일. 2007년 7월 13일에 확인함. 
  30. ↑ Allen, Matt (2007-06-14). “Prog's progeny”. 《Guardian》 (guardian.co.uk). 2007년 7월 13일에 확인함. 
  31. ↑ Murphy, Peter (2001-10-11). “How Radiohead learned to loathe the bomb”. 《Hot Press》 (laurahird.com). 2007년 7월 14일에 확인함. 
  32. ↑ Guardian, 2007. [2]
  33. ↑ Drowned in Sound interview, 2003. [3]
  34. ↑ Washington Post interview, 2007. [4]
  35. ↑ At Ease News. "Classical conductors on Radiohead and Greenwood", April 30 2007

Further reading 편집

  • Tim Footman. Welcome to the Machine: OK Computer and the Death of the Classic Album (Chrome Dreams, 2007). 288 pp.
  • Dai Griffiths. OK Computer (33 1/3 Series, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004). 123 pp.

External links 편집

원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=사용자:Clockoon/번역/OK_Computer&oldid=32887747"