사용자:Toktoki94/작업장/영어의 7대 욕설

영어에서의 7대 욕설(seven dirty words)은 미국의 코미디언 조지 칼린 이 그의 일인극 《방송에 내보낼 수 없는 7가지 단어 (Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television)》에서 지적한 7개의 영어 단어를 말한다. 1972년 발표 당시, 미국에서는 그러한 단어들이 일반적으로 굉장히 적절치 못한 것으로 여겨졌기에 라디오와 TV에서 엄격히 금지되어있었다. 다음 7 단어는 그가 말한 것들이다.

1. Shit (뜻이 많으나 대체적으로 우라질과 비슷한 의미)
2. Piss(소변)
3. Fuck (상황에 따라 성관계 혹은 씨X 이상의 의미이다.)
4. Cunt (여성 성기)
5. Cocksucker (남성 성기를 빠는 사람/남성 동성애의 여자 역할)
6. Motherfucker (망할 놈/상놈)
7. Tits (유방)

On his next album, 1973's Occupation: Foole, he did a similar routine simply entitled "Filthy Words", dealing with the same list and many of the same themes. This version was broadcast by Pacifica radio station WBAI, which eventually led to a Supreme Court case, FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978), that helped define acceptable free speech limits on broadcast television and radio in the United States.

History

In 1973, comedian George Carlin recorded a monologue known as "Filthy Words" containing seven different obscenities. The Pacifica radio station WBAI-FM broadcast it uncensored on October 30 of the same year. A man driving in the car with his son heard the broadcast and complained to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) because of his son having heard the broadcast.

Following the lodging of the complaint, the FCC proceeded to ask Pacifica for a response, then issued a declaratory order upholding the complaint. No specific sanctions were included in the order, but WBAI was put on notice that "in the event subsequent complaints are received, the Commission will then decide whether it should utilize any of the available sanctions it has been granted by Congress."

Pacifica appealed against this decision, which was overturned by the Court of Appeals. The FCC in turn appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the FCC, see: FCC v. Pacifica Foundation 438 U.S. 726 (1978) and First Amendment Library entry on the case.

This decision formally established indecency regulation in American broadcasting. In follow-up rulings, the Supreme Court clarified that the words might be acceptable under certain circumstances, particularly at times when children would not be expected to be in the audience.

Carlin later expanded his original list to include the following words:

• fart
• turd
• twat

In 1972, Carlin was arrested for indecency when he performed the "Seven Deadly Words" at Milwaukee's Summerfest.

Several of the words on Carlin's original list have since been used on broadcast television to varying degrees. The word "tits" was uttered on the first episode of The Trials of Rosie O'Neill in 1990, sparking some controversy. The word "piss" (usually used in the context of the phrase "piss off", both as a verb — or "I'm really pissed off"; "This is going to piss somebody off" — and as an expletive) has been commonplace since the late 1990s although generally limited to dramatic programming; in fact, the word was used as early as the 1980 miniseries Shogun. The word "shit" has been heard on rare occasions, such as an episode of Chicago Hope, the season eight episode of ER in which Dr. Mark Green dies, or in an episode of South Park on cable TV (see below), in which the word "shit" appears 162 times. Producers have also on occasion flirted with the word "fuck", although often in an obscured fashion. For example, the NCIS episode "Bete Noire" has a character clearly utter the phrase "fucking bastard," but the first word is obscured by a sound effect. This is also the case in the 2001 Xena: Warrior Princess episode "You Are There", in which the bleep censor obscures the character Eve's repetitive (and easily heard under the censor) use of variations of "fuck", written in as illustration of the episode's parody of a TV interview. One of Carlin's later additions to the list, "fart", is also used frequently. "Turd" is regularly used in South Park, both on Network and Cable TV. On the A&E Network and The History Channel, the expletive "shit" is allowed only if the program is rated "TV-14 L". "Tits" is allowed on NBC. "Bullshit" is allowed on TNT if the program is rated "TV-14 L." "Shit" is allowed on FX after 10:00 P.M. In an ESPN documentary on the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team, one of the former players repeats the line two times, "They will take it to the fuckin' grave" (Coach Herb Brooks's warning to the team if the U.S. lost the gold medal game to Finland).

Shows on digital cable network BBC America will frequently use the word "shit" and derivations thereof.

MTV UK allowed frequent uses of the words, "fuck," and, "cunt," in a Russell Brand interview with Noel Fielding and Julian Barratt, but censored every use of the word "AIDS" in the same broadcast.

FCC regulations regarding obscenities on broadcast media

During the court case over Carlin's monologue, the Supreme Court established in the Pacifica decision the safe harbor provision that grants broadcasters the right to broadcast indecent (but not obscene) material between the hours of 10 PM and 6 AM, when children are thought not to be awake. Thus, the FCC has mainly been concerned with indecent content shown or heard between 6 AM and 10 PM. The FCC has never maintained a specific list of words prohibited from the airways during this time period, but has maintained general guidelines regarding obscenities [1]. The seven dirty words had been assumed to be likely to elicit indecency related action by the FCC if uttered on a TV or radio broadcast, and thus the broadcast networks generally censor themselves with regard to the many of the seven dirty words. While most of the original seven dirty words are still viewed as inappropriate for broadcast television and radio (based on previous actions by the FCC), the words "tits" and "piss" are generally no longer deemed unacceptable for broadcast over public airwaves during restricted hours in the United States.

The FCC has often looked at the context of the use of a word when judging whether it is objectionable. This has at times led to controversy, such as when a bureau of the FCC deemed the utterance of the word "fucking" (as an intensive) in January 2003 at the live Golden Globe Awards broadcast by the front man for the band U2, Bono, not indecent under its criteria since they said that under the context of its use, it was not intended to describe or depict sexual and excretory activities and organs. [2] The full FCC, however, later reversed the decision in early 2004, though a fine against Bono has not yet been levied.

The differentiation between indecent and obscene material is a particularly difficult one, and a contentious First Amendment issue that has not fully been settled. Similarly, the level of offense (if any) generated by a profane word or phrase depends on region, context, and audience.

In recent years, letter-writing campaigns engineered by American public interest groups have drawn attention to the issue of indecency in television. In some cases, thousands of complaints have been received by the FCC, particularly in situations in which children have been exposed to questionable material during restricted hours, at which time it is estimated children are watching.

The FCC does not directly target the networks. Only the stations carrying a network's programming are licensed. Since most of the networks own some of the stations that carry their programming, these stations can be fined, as a way of indirectly fining the network.

The seven dirty words and cable television

The FCC obscenity guidelines have never been applied to non-broadcast media such as cable television or satellite radio. It is widely held that the FCC's authorizing legislation (particularly the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996) does not enable the FCC to regulate content on subscription-based services, which include cable television, satellite television, and pay-per-view television. Whether the FCC or the Department of Justice could be empowered by Congress to restrict indecent content on cable television without such legislation violating the Constitution has never been settled by a court of law. Since cable television must be subscribed to in order to receive it legally, it has long been thought that ability of subscribers who object to the content being delivered to cancel their subscription creates an incentive for the cable operators to self-regulate. (Unlike broadcast television, cable television is not legally considered to be "pervasive", nor does it depend on a scarce, government-allocated electromagnetic spectrum; as such, neither of the arguments buttressing the case for broadcast regulation particularly apply to cable television.)

However, as of 2005, some living in the United States have begun to call for FCC regulation of subscription-based television and radio. One argument for such regulation is that in more rural areas of the United States, it may be impossible to receive more than a bare minimum of broadcast television stations "over the air", and as such not having a cable or satellite subscription is tantamount to having no television at all for residents of these areas. This and other arguments have been made (among others) by Randy Short of the American Family Association. (See also 'The Connection', National Public Radio, 2005-04-12)

Self-regulation by many basic cable networks is undertaken by Standards & Practices (S&P) departments which self-censor their programming due to the pressure put on them by advertisers – also meaning that any basic cable network willing to ignore such pressure could use any of the "seven dirty words." Some networks have already allowed the use of some of the words in shows such as Comedy Central's South Park episode "It Hits the Fan", during which shit is uttered 162 times in one half hour (a counter was provided at the bottom of the screen). The series also uses the words "tits", "turd", and "piss" on many occasions. Comedy Central also has established a "Secret Stash" timeslot after 1:00 AM ET on weekends, when it will air material such as the R-rated films South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) and Kevin Smith's Clerks. (1994), or performances by comedians, including Richard Pryor and Carlin himself, without censoring the language. Images of nudity are, however, blurred.

Pop-culture references

• Blink-182 made reference to the list in their song "Family Reunion", which is composed primarily using the words from Carlin's ten-word version of the list.
• The band Deftones have a song entitled "7 Words."
• In the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Sailor Mouth", SpongeBob and Patrick say #11 on a list of 13 bad words you should never use, which was censored using a dolphin braying. Squidward asks, "Don't you mean there are only seven?" Mr. Krabs replies, "Not if you're a sailor, heh-heh."
• In an episode of The Simpsons, Krusty the Clown is threatened with legal action over the phone by somebody representing George Carlin. He responds "Oh, come on, my 'Seven words you can't say on TV' bit was entirely different from your 'Seven words you can't say on TV' bit. So I'm a thief, am I? Well, excuse me!" (the last line being delivered in a style imitating Steve Martin's use of the catchphrase, thus serving as another example of Krusty's plagiarism. As another joke, Steve Martin immediately calls with the same complaint as Carlin).
• In the episode "It's All Over Now" of That '70s Show, Eric is seen listening to a George Carlin record and remarks on the list. Later in that episode, Eric refers to Donna's boss using numbers that refer to the list saying, "You 6ing, 7ing monkey 5er. You think your 1 don't stink well 3 off you 3ing 3er." Translation-You motherfucking, titsing monkey cocksucker. You think your shit don't stink well fuck off you fucking fucker.
• On the Killer B's E.P., Anthrax make use of — and renounce the banning of — seven allegedly offensive words in the song "Starting up a Posse".[3]
• In the South Park episode "It Hits the Fan", Stan, Eric, Kyle, and Kenny come across a set of eight rune stones, each devoted to fighting a curse word. (The list is not identical; included along with shit and fuck are asshole and mee krob, a Thai dish which Eric Cartman detests, saying, "God must hate it as much as I do.")
• In Howard Stern's film Private Parts, a studio attorney cautions against the use of the seven dirty words. However, in Stern's list, "tits" and "piss" are replaced with "cock" and "pussy".
• In an episode of Everybody Hates Chris, Mrs. Louise gives Chris' mother a dirty look, after she finds out that Chris was in her house alone with her granddaughter without permission. During the look, Chris Rock voices over 'that look means all seven words you can't say on television.' In a late episode, Chris actually finds and listens to Class Clown including the Seven Words. The audience, however, only sees Chris laughing with headphones on. The record itself isn't heard, only the cover is shown.
• In the episode about profanity, Penn & Teller's Bullshit! brings up the Seven Dirty words and the following battle with the FCC.

같이 보기

• Communications Decency Act
• George Carlin

External links

• "Seven Dirty Words You Can't Say on TV" — script