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The '''Boston Massacre''', known as the '''Incident on King Street''' by the British, {{cn|date=December 2013}} was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which [[British Army]] soldiers killed five male civilians and injured six others. British troops had been stationed in [[Boston]], capital of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and thrown objects. They fired into the crowd, without orders, instantly killing three people and wounding others. Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident.
지구에서 화성의 대기를 관찰과 측정
The crowd eventually dispersed after [[List of colonial governors of Massachusetts|Acting Governor]] [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]] promised an inquiry, but reformed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to [[Castle Island (Massachusetts)|Castle Island]]. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder. Defended by the lawyer and future American President, [[John Adams]], six of the soldiers were [[Acquittal|acquitted]], while the other two were convicted of [[manslaughter]] and given reduced sentences. The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand. Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event, notably the colored engraving produced by [[Paul Revere]] (shown at right), further heightened tensions throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]'''
1864년에 영국의 아마추어 천문학자인 [[윌리엄 러터 더즈]]는 화성의 대기를 "화성의 중심부로 갈수록 빨간색이 짙어지며, 그곳이 대기가 가장 얇은 곳이다."<ref name="dawes">{{저널 인용|제목=Physical Observations of Mars Near the Opposition in 1864|author=Dawes, W.R.|year=1865|journal=Astronomical Register}}</ref>라고 관측을 발표했다. 1860년대에서 1870년대에 [[분광기]]로 인한 관측<ref name="campbell">{{cite journal|title=Concerning an Atmosphere on Mars|author=Campbell, W.W.|year=1894|journal= Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific}}</ref><ref>Janssen, Huggins, Secchi, Vogel, and Maunder</ref>으로 그 당시 많은 사람이 화성의 대기는 지구의 대기와 비슷했을 거라고 믿었다. 1894년에 [[윌리엄 월레스 캠프벨]]이 [[스펙트럼 분석]]과 다른 [[질적 관측]]으로 화성의 대기가 달의 대기처럼 거의 감지할 수 없는 극소량의 대기를 포함했을거라 발표했다.<ref name="campbell"/>
'''보스턴 학살사건'''
1926년에는 [[윌리엄 해먼드 라이트]]가 리크 오브저베이터리에서 관측한 내용이 [[도날드 하워드 멘젤]]에게 화성의 대기에 양적 증거를 주었다.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Photographs of Mars made with light of different colors|author=Wright, W. H.|journal=Lick Observatory bulletin|year=1925}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Atmosphere of Mars|author=Menzel, D. H.|journal= Astrophysical Journal|year=1926}}.</ref>
== Observations and measurement from Earth ==
In 1864, [[William Rutter Dawes]] observed "that the ruddy tint of the planet does not arise from any peculiarity of its atmosphere seems to be fully proved by the fact that the redness is always deepest near the centre, where the atmosphere is thinnest."<ref name="dawes">{{cite journal|title=Physical Observations of Mars Near the Opposition in 1864|author=Dawes, W.R.|year=1865|journal=Astronomical Register}}</ref> Spectroscopic observations in the 1860s and 1870s<ref name="campbell">{{cite journal|title=Concerning an Atmosphere on Mars|author=Campbell, W.W.|year=1894|journal= Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific}}</ref><ref>Janssen, Huggins, Secchi, Vogel, and Maunder</ref> led many to believe the atmosphere of Mars is similar to Earth's. In 1894, though, [[Spectroscopy|spectral analysis]] and other qualitative observations by [[William Wallace Campbell]] suggested Mars resembles the [[Moon]], which has no appreciable atmosphere, in many respects.<ref name="campbell"/>
In 1926, photographic observations by [[William Hammond Wright]] at the [[Lick Observatory]] allowed [[Donald Howard Menzel]] to discover quantitative evidence of Mars's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Photographs of Mars made with light of different colors|author=Wright, W. H.|journal=Lick Observatory bulletin|year=1925}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Atmosphere of Mars|author=Menzel, D. H.|journal= Astrophysical Journal|year=1926}}.</ref>
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