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12세기 프랑스에서 courretiers de change는 은행들 대신 농업 공동체의 빚을 관리하과 규제하는 일에 관여했다. 이 사람들은 부채로 거래했으므로 이들은 최초의 [[중개인]]으로 불릴 수 있었다.
17, 18세기에 네덜란드 사람들은 현대의 금융체계의 토대를 놓는데 일조했던 여러 금융적 혁신을 개척했다.<ref>{{cite book서적 인용|last=Tracy |first=James D. |year=1985 |title=A Financial Revolution in the Habsburg Netherlands: Renten and Renteniers in the County of Holland, 1515–1565 |location= |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-05425-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book서적 인용|last=Goetzmann |first=William N. |last2=Rouwenhorst |first2=K. Geert |year=2005 |title=The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-517571-9 }}</ref><ref>Goetzmann, William N.; Rouwenhorst, K. Geert (2008). ''The History of Financial Innovation'', in ''Carbon Finance, Environmental Market Solutions to Climate Change''. (Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, chapter 1, pp. 18–43). As Goetzmann & Rouwenhorst (2008) noted, "The 17th and 18th centuries in the Netherlands were a remarkable time for finance. Many of the financial products or instruments that we see today emerged during a relatively short period. In particular, merchants and bankers developed what we would today call [[securitization]]. Mutual funds and various other forms of structured finance that still exist today emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries in Holland."</ref><ref>Sylla, Richard (2015). "Financial Development, Corporations, and Inequality". (BHC-EBHA Meeting). As [[Richard Sylla]] (2015) notes, "In modern history, several nations had what some of us call [[financial revolution]]s. These can be thought of as creating in a short period of time all the key components of a modern [[financial system]]. The first was the Dutch Republic four centuries ago."</ref>
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