사용자:선의의 바람/연습장2: 두 판 사이의 차이
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말콤 글래드웰의 책 《티핑포인트》를 통해 최근 국내 대중들에게까지 다시 널리 알려진 이 용어는 말콤 글래드웰에 의하면 '모든 것이 한꺼번에 변화하고 전염되는 극적인 순간'이라고 개념이 정의되고 있다. 아이디어, 제품, 메시지와 행동 등이 사회적으로 바이러스처럼 전파되어 예기치 못한 일들이 한순간 폭발하면 불가능이 현실로 점화하는 지점을 티핑포인트라고 한다. 그러한 티핑포인트를 만드는 3가지 규칙으로 말콤 글래드웰은 '소수의 법칙', '고착성 요소', '상황의 힘'을 들었다. 극소수의 사람들이 대부분 일을 저지르며, 작지만 기억에 남을 메시지가 엄청난 결과를 부르게 되고, 환경의 작은 변화가 전혀 다른 결과를 낳는다는 설명이다.<ref name="말콤">말콤 글래드웰, 《작은 아이디어를 빅트렌드로 만드는 티핑포인트》, 임옥희 역, 21세기북스, 2016.</ref>
The phrase was first used in sociology by [[Morton Grodzins]] when he adopted the phrase from [[physics]] where it referred to the adding a small amount of weight to a balanced object until the additional weight caused the object to suddenly and completely topple, or tip. Grodzins studied integrating American neighborhoods in the early 1960s. He discovered that most of the [[White Americans|white]] families remained in the neighborhood as long as the comparative number of [[African Americans|black]] families remained very small. But, at a certain point, when "one too many" black families arrived, the remaining white families would move out ''en masse'' in a process known as [[white flight]]. He called that moment the "tipping point".
The idea was expanded and built upon by [[Nobel Prize]]-winner [[Thomas Schelling]] in 1972. A similar idea underlies [[Mark Granovetter]]'s [[threshold model]] of collective behavior.
===10% of a Population===
Scientists at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rpi.edu/luwakkey/2902#sthash.wuHag3ob.dpuf|title=Minority Rules: Scientists Discover Tipping Point for the Spread of Ideas {{!}} News & Events|website=news.rpi.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref> have found that when just 10 percent of the population holds an unshakable belief, their belief will always be adopted by the majority of people who simply change their beliefs if their last two social interactions agreed with a new one.
==Other uses==
The phrase has extended beyond its original meaning and been applied to any process in which, beyond a certain point, the rate of the process increases dramatically. It has been applied in many fields, from [[economics]] to [[human ecology]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Eco Tipping Points Project|url=http://ecotippingpoints.org}}</ref> to [[epidemiology]]. It can also be compared to [[phase transition]] in [[physics]] or the propagation of populations in an unbalanced [[ecosystem]].
Journalists and academics have applied the phrase to dramatic changes in governments, such as during the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Leila, and Matt Flannes|first=Hudson|title=The Arab Spring: Anatomy of a tipping point|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201183081433165611.html|accessdate=29 March 2013|newspaper=Aljazeera|date=1 Sep 2011}}</ref> The concept of a tipping point is described in an article in an [[academic journal]], the ''[[Journal of Democracy]]'', titled "China at the Tipping Point?: Foreseeing the unForeseeable":
<blockquote>Regime transitions belong to that paradoxical class of events which are inevitable but not predictable. Other examples are [[bank run]]s, currency inflations, strikes, migrations, riots, and revolutions. In retrospect, such events are explainable, even overdetermined. In prospect, however, their timing and character are impossible to anticipate. Such events
seem to come closer and closer but do not occur, even when all the conditions are ripe—until suddenly they do.<ref name=JourDem>{{cite news|last=Nathan|first=Andrew J.|title=China at the Tipping Point?: Foreseeing the unForeseeable' |url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/china-tipping-point-foreseeing-unforeseeable|accessdate=29 March 2013|newspaper=[[Journal of Democracy]]|date=January 2013}}</ref></blockquote>
American journalists at [[NPR]] have used it to describe [[Weinstein effect|an influx of sexual assault allegations]], saying that a tipping point has been passed regarding societal tolerance of [[sexual harassment]] and [[feminism]].<ref name="NPR: Tipping Point">{{Cite web |last1=King |first1=Noel |title=Why 'The Weinstein Effect' Seems Like A Tipping Point |work=[[NPR.org]] |date=November 4, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/04/562137110/why-the-weinstein-effect-seems-like-a-tipping-point |accessdate=November 11, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
[[Mathematics|Mathematically]], the angle of repose may be seen as a [[Bifurcation theory|bifurcation]]. In [[control theory]], the concept of [[positive feedback]] describes the same phenomenon, with the problem of balancing an [[inverted pendulum]] being the classic embodiment. The concept has also been applied to the popular acceptance of new technologies, for example being used to explain the success of [[VHS]] over [[Betamax]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}}
==In popular culture==
The term was popularized in application to daily life by [[Malcolm Gladwell]]'s 2000 bestselling book ''[[The Tipping Point|The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference]]''.
==같이 보기==
* [[파국이론]]
* [[혼돈 이론]]
* [[창발]]
* [[변곡점]]
* [[토마스 셸링]]
* [[네트워크 효과]]
* [[콜라츠 추측]]
* [[자기실현적 예언]]
* [[교통 체증]]
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