|
* [[버팔로 빌]]
* [[:en:Buffalo Bill]]
{{인물 정보
|이름 = 버팔로 빌
|원어이름 = Buffalo Bill
|그림 = Cody-Buffalo-Bill-LOC.jpg
|그림설명 =
|출생일 = {{출생일|1846|02|26}}
|출생지 = [[아이오와 준주]] [[레클레어]]
|사망일 = {{사망일과 나이|1917|01|10|1846|02|26}}
|사망지 = 미국 [[콜로라도주]] [[덴버]]
|국적 = {{국기나라|미국}}
|경력 = [[미국 육군]]
|직업 = [[사냥꾼]], [[쇼맨]]
|상훈 = 육군 [[명예 훈장]]
|서명 = Buffalo Bill Cody signature.svg
}}
'''버팔로 빌'''(Buffalo Bill, 본명 [[윌리엄 ]] 프레드릭 코디, 1846년 2월 26일 - 1917년 1월 10일)은 미국의 군인 출신 [[아메리카들소]] 사냥꾼 겸 [[쇼맨]]이다. 아이오와가 미국에 편입되기 전인 [[아이오와 준주]] 시기 [[레클레어]]에서 태어났다태어났지만 몇 년 뒤 아버지 고향인 캐나다 [[온타리오]]의 토론토 타운쉽으로 이사하였고 나중에 다시 [[미국 중서부]]인 [[캔자스 준주]]에 정착하였다. 버팔로 빌이란 이름은 들소사냥에서 명성을 얻은 뒤 쇼맨으로 활동하며 알려진 이름이다. 자신의 성 '''코디'''를 애칭으로 사용하기도 하였다.▼
11세에 아버지가 사망하자 생계를 위해 일하기 시작하여 15세에는 [[조랑말 속달 우편]]의 기수가 되었다. [[미국 남북 전쟁]] 기간인 1863년에서 1865년 사이 북군에 복무하였고 [[인디언 전쟁]] 기간에는 민간 척후대에서 활동하였다. 1872년 [[명예 훈장]]을 받았다.
▲'''버팔로 빌'''(Buffalo Bill, 본명 윌리엄 프레드릭, 1846년 2월 26일 - 1917년 1월 10일)은 미국의 군인 출신 [[아메리카들소]] 사냥꾼 겸 [[쇼맨]]이다. 아이오와가 미국에 편입되기 전인 [[아이오와 준주]] 시기 [[레클레어]]에서 태어났다.
'''[[William]] Frederick''' "'''Buffalo Bill'''" '''Cody''' (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American soldier, [[American bison|bison]] hunter, and [[showman]]. He was born in [[Le Claire, Iowa|Le Claire]], [[Iowa Territory]] (now the U.S. state of [[Iowa]]), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in [[Toronto Township, Ontario]], Canada, before the family returned to the [[Midwest]] and settled in the [[Kansas Territory]].
버팔로 빌은 불과 23세의 나이에 [[서부 개척 시대]]를 상징하는 인물 가운데 하나가 되었다. 서부 개척을 소재로 한 [[연극|쇼]]인 《[[와일드 웨스트 쇼]]》를 기획하여 [[카우보이]]와 인디언 전쟁과 같은 줄거리의 공연으로 유명세를 얻었다. 1883년 《버팔로 빌의 와일드 웨스트》를 설립하여 미국 내에서 순회 공연을 벌였고, 1887년 영국과 유럽에서도 공연하였다.
Buffalo Bill started working at the age of eleven, after his father's death, and became a rider for the [[Pony Express]] at age 15. During the [[American Civil War]], he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for the [[US Army]] during the [[Indian Wars]], receiving the [[Medal of Honor]] in 1872.
== 출생과 성장 ==
One of the most famous and well-known figures of the [[American Old West]], Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only 23. Shortly thereafter he started performing in [[Wild West show|shows]] that displayed [[cowboy]] themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West'' in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and, beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe.
Cody1846년 was2월 born26일 on아이오와의 February레클레어 26,근교에서 1846, on a farm just outside [[Le Claire, Iowa]]태어났다.<ref name="scottcountyiowa.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottcountyiowa.com/conservation/buffalobill_history.php |title=Scott County Conservation Department |publisher=Scottcountyiowa.com |access-date=March 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730145943/http://www.scottcountyiowa.com/conservation/buffalobill_history.php |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> His아버지 father,아이작 Isaac코디는 Cody,아일랜드계 was이민자의 born후손으로 on캐나다의 September토론토 5,타운쉽 1811출신이었는데, in지금은 [[ Toronto Township, Ontario|Toronto Township미시소가]] ,에 [[Upper속해 Canada]]있지만, now part of당시는 [[ Mississauga어퍼캐나다]] , [[Ontario]], directly west of [[Toronto]] he may have been of Irish ancestry관할이었다.<ref>https://centerofthewest.org/explore/buffalo-bill/f-a-q/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBuffalo%20Bill%E2%80%9D%20Cody's%20ancestry%3F,their%20family%20came%20from%20Ireland.&text=One%20branch%20of%20the%20family,Isaac%2C%20was%20born%20in%201811.</ref> 어머니 Mary매리 Ann앤 Bonsell본셀 Laycock,레이코크는 Bill's[[뉴저지]]의 mother,트렌턴 was출신으로 born신시내티에서 about교사 1817생활을 in하다 Trenton,아이작을 New만나 Jersey결혼하였다. She매리의 moved조상 to중에는 Cincinnati펜실배니아에 to정착한 teach[[퀘이커]]인 school,조시아 and번팅이 there she met and married Isaac. She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting있지만, a버팔로 Quaker빌이 who퀘이커와 had관련이 settled있었다는 in흔적은 Pennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker없다.<ref>Russell, Don. ''The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill''.</ref> In부부는 1847몇 the번의 couple이주 moved끝에 to1847년 Ontario,온타리오의 having필 their카운티에 son있는 baptized딕시 in유니온 1847,예배당에서 as아들 William윌리엄 Cody,코디의 at the Dixie Union Chapel in [[Peel County, Ontario|Peel County]] (present-day [[Regional Municipality of Peel|Peel Region]], of which Mississauga is part), not far from the farm of his father's세례식을 family가졌다. The예배당은 chapel코디 was가문의 built돈으로 with지어진 Cody것으로 money,토론토 and타운쉽의 the필립 land코디가 was소유한 donated부지 by안에 Philip있었고 Cody아이작의 of고향에서도 Toronto멀지 Township않았다.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynecook.com/apeel.html|title=Historical Plaques of Peel Region|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225072509/http://www.waynecook.com/apeel.html|archive-date=February 25, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> They lived in가족은 Ontario온타리오에서 for몇 several년간 years살았다. ▼
1853년 아이작 코디는 아이오와 [[스콧군 (아이오와주)|스코트 카운티]]에 있던 땅을 2천 [[미국 달러|달러]](오늘날 가치로 환산하면 약 6만8천 달러)에 팔고 [[캔자스 준주]]의 리븐워스로 이사하였다.<ref name="scottcountyiowa.com" /> 당시 캔자스는 노예제의 존폐를 놓고 정치적 격론은 물론 물리적 충돌도 발생하는 상황이었다. 아이작은 노예제 폐지론자였고 노예제를 찬성하는 가게 주인과 리벌리와 격론을 벌였다. 말싸움이 벌어지자 모여든 군중들 가운데는 노예제를 찬성하는 사람들이 많았고 아이작이 물러서지 않자 죽이려 들었다. 한 사람이 아이작을 [[부이 나이프]]로 연거푸 찔렀고 가게 주인 리벌리가 황급히 치료하여 목숨은 건졌으나 큰 부상을 입었다.
== Early life and education ==
▲Cody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outside [[Le Claire, Iowa]].<ref name="scottcountyiowa.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.scottcountyiowa.com/conservation/buffalobill_history.php |title=Scott County Conservation Department |publisher=Scottcountyiowa.com |access-date=March 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730145943/http://www.scottcountyiowa.com/conservation/buffalobill_history.php |archive-date=July 30, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> His father, Isaac Cody, was born on September 5, 1811, in [[Toronto Township, Ontario|Toronto Township]], [[Upper Canada]], now part of [[Mississauga]], [[Ontario]], directly west of [[Toronto]] he may have been of Irish ancestry.<ref>https://centerofthewest.org/explore/buffalo-bill/f-a-q/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBuffalo%20Bill%E2%80%9D%20Cody's%20ancestry%3F,their%20family%20came%20from%20Ireland.&text=One%20branch%20of%20the%20family,Isaac%2C%20was%20born%20in%201811.</ref> Mary Ann Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 in Trenton, New Jersey. She moved to Cincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac. She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, a Quaker who had settled in Pennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker.<ref>Russell, Don. ''The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill''.</ref> In 1847 the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel in [[Peel County, Ontario|Peel County]] (present-day [[Regional Municipality of Peel|Peel Region]], of which Mississauga is part), not far from the farm of his father's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waynecook.com/apeel.html|title=Historical Plaques of Peel Region|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225072509/http://www.waynecook.com/apeel.html|archive-date=February 25, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> They lived in Ontario for several years.
캔자스에 사는 동안 코디 가족은 노예제 찬성론자의 표적이 되었다. 아버지 아이작은 안전을 위해 가족을 떠나 따로 살았고 그를 죽이려는 사람들은 아이작이 집에 돌아오는 때를 노리고 있었다. 빌은 당시 어리고 병약했지만 아버지를 해치려는 사람들이 집 주위에 있는 것을 알아채고 말을 타고 아버지에게 달려갔다.<span style="white-space:nowrap"> 당시 아이작 코디는 집에서 48km 정도 떨어진 오하이오의 [[클리블랜드]]에서 캔자스로 이주할 노예제 폐지론자를 모집하고 있었다. 아들의 경고로 린치를 피한 아이작은 집에 돌아왔지만 지난 번 부상으로 신장을 다친데다 감염성 폐렴에 걸렸다. 아이작 코디는 결국 1857년 4월 사망하였다.<ref name="Cody1">{{cite book | last = Cody| first = William F.| title =The Life of Hon. William F. Cody Known as Buffalo Bill, the Famous Hunter, Scout and Guide | publisher=A Public Domain Book}}</ref><ref name="Carter1">{{cite book | last = Carter| first = Robert A.| title =Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man Behind the Legend | publisher=Wiley| year = 2002|page =512 | isbn = 978-0-471-07780-0}}</ref>
In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in rural [[Scott County, Iowa]], for $2000 (around $68,000 in today's money) and the family moved to [[Leavenworth, Kansas|Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas Territory]].<ref name="scottcountyiowa.com" /> In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over the slavery question. Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. His [[abolitionism in the United States|antislavery]] speech so angered the crowd that they threatened to kill him if he didn't step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with a [[Bowie knife]]. Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries.
아버지가 사망하자 빠르게 가세가 기울었고 11세의 빌은 길게 늘어선 포장 마차 행렬 사이의 연락을 전달하는 "보이 엑스트라"로 일했다. [[솔트레이크시티]]의 [[몰몬교|몰몬교도]]들이 독립을 시도한다는 소문으로 시작된 [[유타 전쟁]]이 일어나자 빌은 정부군의 비정규 척후병으로 일했다<ref name="Carter1" />
In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. Bill, despite his youth and being ill at the time, rode <span style="white-space:nowrap">30 miles (48 km)</span> to warn his father. Isaac Cody went to [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], to organize a group of thirty families to bring back to Kansas, to add to the antislavery population. During his return trip, he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by the lingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857.<ref name="Cody1">{{cite book | last = Cody| first = William F.| title =The Life of Hon. William F. Cody Known as Buffalo Bill, the Famous Hunter, Scout and Guide | publisher=A Public Domain Book}}</ref><ref name="Carter1">{{cite book | last = Carter| first = Robert A.| title =Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man Behind the Legend | publisher=Wiley| year = 2002|page =512 | isbn = 978-0-471-07780-0}}</ref>
코디의 자서전 《버팔로 빌 자신의 이야기》에는 이 때부터 자신이 "인디어 파이터"가 되었다고 적고 있다.
After his death, the family suffered financially. At age 11, Bill took a job with a freight carrier as a "boy extra". On horseback he would ride up and down the length of a wagon train and deliver messages between the drivers and workmen. Next, he joined [[Utah War|Johnston's Army]] as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the United States Army to [[Utah]], to put down a rumored rebellion by the [[Mormon]] population of [[Salt Lake City]].<ref name="Carter1" />
<blockquote>마침내 달이 떠오르자 내게도 죽음의 위기가 닥쳐왔다. 얼굴에 칠을 한 인디언 한 명이 보였다. [[수족]] 전사인 그는 어깨에 총을 걸고 30 피트 아래의 강바닥에서 누군가를 노리고 있었다. 바로 내 옆 동료를 겨누고 있다는 것을 알게 되자 나는 총구를 겨눠 발사하였고 그는 쓰러져 강둑 아래로 구르더니 물 속으로 빠져들어갔다. "뭐였지?"하고 맥카시가 황급히 뒤돌아 보며 물었다. 내가 "이미 물 속에 들어갔어"하고 대답하자 그는 "이봐, 꼬마 빌이 인디언 하나를 죽였어!" 하고 외쳤다. 이렇게 나는 "인디언 파이터"가 되었다.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buffalo Bill, William Lightfoot Visscher|title=Buffalo Bill's Own Story of His Life and Deeds: This Autobiography Tells in His Own Graphic Words the Wonderful Story of His Heroic Career|date=1917|publisher=Homewood Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/buffalobillsowns00buffrich/page/41 41]|url=https://archive.org/details/buffalobillsowns00buffrich|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref></blockquote>
According to Cody's account in ''Buffalo Bill's Own Story'', the [[Utah War]] was where he began his career as an "Indian fighter":
At14세이던 the1860년 age코디는 of[[골드 14,러시]]를 in겪었다. 1860,[[워싱턴 Cody준주]]의 was[[콜빌 struck by gold fever, with news of gold요새]]와 at캘리포니아의 [[ Fort홀콤 Colville계곡]] 에서 and새 the금광이 [[Holcomb발견되었다는 Valley Gold Rush]]소식이 in전해진 California것이다.<ref name="NO. 619: HOLCOMB VALLEY">[http://ceres.ca.gov/geo_area/counties/San_Bernardino/landmarks.html "No. 619: Holcomb Valley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113550/http://ceres.ca.gov/geo_area/counties/San_Bernardino/landmarks.html |date=June 15, 2007 }}, State Historical Landmarks, San Bernardino County.</ref> On코디도 his사금 way채취장을 to찾아 the goldfields, however, he met an agent for the갔다가 [[ Pony조랑말 Express속달 우편]] 을 보았다. He속달 signed우편 with사무소가 them,여럿 and생기더니 after기수들이 building다니기 several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider시작하였다. He worked at코디는 this조랑말 until속달 he우편 was기수가 called되었고 home어머니가 to아프다는 his소식이 sick들리기 mother's전까지 bedside일했다.<ref name="Cody" /> ▼<blockquote>Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the [[Sioux]], at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. 'What is it?' called McCarthy, as he hurried back. 'It's over there in the water.' 'Hi!' he cried. 'Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!' So began my career as an Indian fighter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buffalo Bill, William Lightfoot Visscher|title=Buffalo Bill's Own Story of His Life and Deeds: This Autobiography Tells in His Own Graphic Words the Wonderful Story of His Heroic Career|date=1917|publisher=Homewood Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/buffalobillsowns00buffrich/page/41 41]|url=https://archive.org/details/buffalobillsowns00buffrich|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref></blockquote>
코디는 닥치는 대로 일하며 여러 직업을 전전하였다. [[덫]] 사냥꾼, [[달구지]] 운송뿐만 아니라 1859년 금을 찾아 해매던 무리들인 [[피프티나이너]]에도 합류 하였고 1860년 조랑말 속달 우편 기수가 되었으며, 그 뒤로는 마차 몰이꾼, [[역마차]] 운전, [[호텔리어|호텔 관리인]]도 하였다. 이러한 이야기는 코디 스스로 밝힌 것 외에는 따로 기록을 찾을 수 없어 일부는 과장이 있을 수 있다.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11200/ |title = William "Buffalo Bill" Cody |work = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1907 |access-date = June 1, 2013 }}</ref> 특히나 당시 매우 험한 일이었던 조랑말 속달 우편의 경우 코디의 14세에 불과하였던 나이를 생각하면 직접 기수로 채용되었기는 힘들다는 의견이 있다. 아마도 실제로는 속달 우편 사무소에서 말을 타고 인근의 전신소까지 연락을 주고받는 일을 한 것을 과장했을 수 있다.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Warren|first1=Louis S.|title=Was He a Hero?|url=http://www.truewestmagazine.com/was-he-a-hero/|website=True West|publisher=truewestmagazine.com|access-date=11 April 2017|date=2008-04-01}}</ref> 조랑말 속달 우편 기수는 매우 높은 급료를 받았지만 3천 km가 넘는 거리를 거의 쉬지 않고 10일 만에 달려야 하는 매우 위험한 일이었다.
▲At the age of 14, in 1860, Cody was struck by gold fever, with news of gold at [[Fort Colville]] and the [[Holcomb Valley Gold Rush]] in California.<ref name="NO. 619: HOLCOMB VALLEY">[http://ceres.ca.gov/geo_area/counties/San_Bernardino/landmarks.html "No. 619: Holcomb Valley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615113550/http://ceres.ca.gov/geo_area/counties/San_Bernardino/landmarks.html |date=June 15, 2007 }}, State Historical Landmarks, San Bernardino County.</ref> On his way to the goldfields, however, he met an agent for the [[Pony Express]]. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.<ref name="Cody" />
Cody claimed to have had many jobs, including [[animal trapping|trapper]], [[Bullocky|bullwhacker]], "[[Fifty-Niner]]" in [[Colorado]], [[Pony Express]] rider in 1860, wagonmaster, [[stagecoach]] driver, and a [[hotel manager]], but historians have had difficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11200/ |title = William "Buffalo Bill" Cody |work = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1907 |access-date = June 1, 2013 }}</ref> Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, the transport firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages on horseback from the firm's office in Leavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Warren|first1=Louis S.|title=Was He a Hero?|url=http://www.truewestmagazine.com/was-he-a-hero/|website=True West|publisher=truewestmagazine.com|access-date=11 April 2017|date=2008-04-01}}</ref>
== 군 복무 ==
[[File:William F. Cody Medal of Honor.jpg|thumb]]
==Military services==
[[File:Buffalo Bill age 19.jpg|thumb|right|Cody in 1864 at the age of 19.]]
[[File:Buffalo Bill c1871.png|thumb|right|A young Buffalo Bill in 1871]]
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