사용자:Altostratus/LINQ

.NET 프레임워크에서의 LINQ 구조

표준 쿼리 오퍼레이터 API

아래에선, the descriptions of the operators are based on the application of working with collections. 다수의 오퍼레이터는 다른 함수를 매개변수로서 가지고 있다. 이 함수는 이름 있는 함수 혹은 익명 함수의 형태로서 제공된다.

쿼리 오퍼레이터 모음은 defined by LINQ is exposed to the user as the 표준 쿼리 오퍼레이터 (Standard Query Operator, SQO) API. 이 API로부터 지원 받는 쿼리 오퍼레이터로

Select

 맵 (고차 함수) 문서에 이 부분의 추가 정보가 있습니다.

Select 오퍼레이터는 performs a projection on the collection to select interesting aspects of the elements. The user supplies an arbitrary function, in the form of a named or lambda expression, which projects the data members. The function is passed to the operator as a delegate.

Where

 필터 (고차 함수) 문서에 이 부분의 추가 정보가 있습니다.

The Where operator allows the definition of a set of predicate rules that are evaluated for each object in the collection, while objects that do not match the rule are filtered away. The predicate is supplied to the operator as a delegate.

SelectMany

 Bind (고차 함수) 문서에 이 부분의 추가 정보가 있습니다.

For a user-provided mapping from collection elements to collections, semantically two steps are performed. First, every element is mapped to its corresponding collection. Second, the result of the first step is flattened by one level. Note: Select and Where are both implementable in terms of SelectMany, as long as singleton and empty collections are available. The translation rules mentioned above still make it mandatory for a LINQ provider to provide the other two operators.

Sum / Min / Max / Average

이 오퍼레이터는 optionally take a function that retrieves a certain numeric value from each element in the collection and uses it to find the sum, minimum, maximum or average values of all the elements in the collection, respectively. Overloaded versions take no function and act as if the identity is given as the lambda.

Aggregate

 폴드 (고차 함수) 문서에 이 부분의 추가 정보가 있습니다.

A generalized Sum / Min / Max. This operator takes a function that specifies how two values are combined to form an intermediate or the final result. Optionally, a starting value can be supplied, enabling the result type of the aggregation to be arbitrary. Furthermore, a finalization function, taking the aggregation result to yet another value, can be supplied.

Join / GroupJoin

Join 오퍼레이터는 두 개의 컬렉션을 내부 조인한다. based on matching keys for objects in each collection. It takes two functions as delegates, one for each collection, that it executes on each object in the collection to extract the key from the object. It also takes another delegate in which the user specifies which data elements, from the two matched elements, should be used to create the resultant object. The GroupJoin operator performs a group join. Like the Select operator, the results of a join are instantiations of a different class, with all the data members of both the types of the source objects, or a subset of them.

Take / TakeWhile

The Take operator selects the first n objects from a collection, while the TakeWhile operator, which takes a predicate, selects those objects that match the predicate (stopping at the first object that doesn't match it).

Skip / SkipWhile

The Skip and SkipWhile operators are complements of Take and TakeWhile - they skip the first n objects from a collection, or those objects that match a predicate (for the case of SkipWhile).

OfType

The OfType operator is used to select the elements of a certain type.

Concat

The Concat operator concatenates two collections.

OrderBy / ThenBy

The OrderBy operator is used to specify the primary sort ordering of the elements in a collection according to some key. The default ordering is in ascending order, to reverse the order, the OrderByDescending operator is to be used. ThenBy and ThenByDescending specifies subsequent ordering of the elements. The function to extract the key value from the object is specified by the user as a delegate.

Reverse

The Reverse operator reverses a collection.

GroupBy

The GroupBy operator takes a function that extracts a key value and returns a collection of IGrouping<Key, Values> objects, for each distinct key value. The IGrouping objects can then be used to enumerate all the objects for a particular key value.

Distinct

The Distinct operator removes duplicate instances of an object from a collection. An overload of the operator takes an equality comparer object which defines the criteria for distinctness.

Union / Intersect / Except

These operators are used to perform a union, intersection and difference operation on two sequences, respectively. Each has an overload which takes an equality comparer object which defines the criteria for element equality.

SequenceEqual

The SequenceEqual operator determines whether all elements in two collections are equal and in the same order.

First / FirstOrDefault / Last / LastOrDefault

These operators take a predicate. The First operator returns the first element for which the predicate yields true, or, if nothing matches, throws an exception. The FirstOrDefault operator is like the First operator except that it returns the default value for the element type (usually a null reference) in case nothing matches the predicate. The last operator retrieves the last element to match the predicate, or throws an exception in case nothing matches. The LastOrDefault returns the default element value if nothing matches.

Single

The Single operator takes a predicate and returns the element that matches the predicate. An exception is thrown, if none or more than one element match the predicate.

SingleOrDefault

The SingleOrDefault operator takes a predicate and return the element that matches the predicate. If more than one element matches the predicate, an exception is thrown. If no element matches the predicate, a default value is returned.

ElementAt

The ElementAt operator retrieves the element at a given index in the collection.

Any / All

The Any operator checks, if there are any elements in the collection matching the predicate. It does not select the element, but returns true if at least one element is matched. An invocation of any without a predicate returns true if the collection non-empty. The All operator returns true if all elements match the predicate.

Contains

The Contains operator checks, if the collection contains a given element.

Count

The Count operator counts the number of elements in the given collection. An overload taking a predicate, counts the number of elements matching the predicate.

The Standard Query Operator API also specifies certain operators that convert a collection into another type:

• AsEnumerable: Statically types the collection as an IEnumerable<T>.
• AsQueryable: Statically types the collection as an IQueryable<T>.
• ToArray: Creates an array T[] from the collection.
• ToList: Creates a List<T> from the collection.
• ToDictionary: Creates a Dictionary<K, T> from the collection, indexed by the key K. A user supplied projection function extracts a key from each element.
• ToLookup: Creates a Lookup<K, T> from the collection, indexed by the key K. A user supplied projection function extracts a key from each element.
• Cast: converts a non-generic IEnumerable collection to one of IEnumerable<T> by casting each element to type T. Alternately converts a generic IEnumerable<T> to another generic IEnumerable<R> by casting each element from type T to type R. Throws an exception in any element cannot be cast to the indicated type.
• OfType: converts a non-generic IEnumerable collection to one of IEnumerable<T>. Alternately converts a generic IEnumerable<T> to another generic IEnumerable<R> by attempting to cast each element from type T to type R. In both cases, only the subset of elements successfully cast to the target type are included. No exceptions are thrown.

확장

LINQ가 초기 .NET 프레임워크 3.5 라이브러리에서 구현되었을때는 it also defines optional language extensions that make queries a first-class language construct and provide syntactic sugar for writing queries. These language extensions have initially been implemented in C# 3.0, VB 9.0, F# and Oxygene, with other languages like Nemerle having announced preliminary support. The language extensions include:

• Query syntax: A language is free to choose a query syntax that it will recognize natively. These language keywords must be translated by the compiler to appropriate LINQ method calls.
• Implicitly typed variables: This enhancement allows variables to be declared without specifying their types. The languages C# 3.0 and Oxygene declare them with the var keyword. In VB9.0, the Dim keyword without type declaration accomplishes the same. Such objects are still strongly typed; for these objects the compiler infers the types of variables via type inference, which allows the results of the queries to be specified and defined without declaring the type of the intermediate variables.
• Anonymous types: Anonymous types allow classes that contain only data-member declarations to be inferred by the compiler. This is useful for the Select and Join operators, whose result types may differ from the types of the original objects. The compiler uses type inference to determine the fields contained in the classes and generates accessors and mutators for these fields.
• Object Initializer: Object initializers allow an object to be created and initialized in a single scope, as required for Select and Join operators.
• Lambda expressions: Lambda expressions allow predicates and other projection functions to be written inline with a concise syntax, and support full lexical closure. They are captured into parameters as delegates or expression trees depending on the Query Provider.

예를 들어, in the query to select all the objects in a collection with SomeProperty less than 10,

var results =  from c in SomeCollection
               where c.SomeProperty < 10
               select new {c.SomeProperty, c.OtherProperty};

foreach (var result in results)
{
        Console.WriteLine(result);
}

the types of variables result, c and results all are inferred by the compiler in accordance to the signatures of the methods eventually used. The basis for choosing the methods is formed by the query expression-free translation result

var results =
     SomeCollection
        .Where(c => c.SomeProperty < 10)
        .Select(c => new {c.SomeProperty, c.OtherProperty});

results.ForEach(x => {Console.WriteLine(x.ToString());})

LINQ 제공자

C# 3.0 명세에서는 defines a Query Expression Pattern along with translation rules from a LINQ expression to an expression in a subset of C# 3.0 without LINQ expressions. The translation thus defined is actually un-typed, which, in addition to lambda expressions being interpretable as either delegates or expression trees, allows for a great degree of flexibility for libraries wishing to expose parts of their interface as LINQ expression clauses. For example, LINQ to Objects works on IEnumerable<T>s and with delegates, whereas LINQ to SQL makes use of the expression trees.

The expression trees are at the core of the LINQ extensibility mechanism, by which LINQ can be adapted for many data sources. The expression trees are handed over to LINQ Providers, which are data source-specific implementations that adapt the LINQ queries to be used with the data source. If they choose so, the LINQ Providers analyze the expression trees contained in a query in order to generate essential pieces needed for the execution of a query. This can be SQL fragments or any other completely different representation of code as further manipulatable data. LINQ comes with LINQ Providers for in-memory object collections, Microsoft SQL Server databases, ADO.NET datasets and XML documents. These different providers define the different flavors of LINQ:

LINQ 와 객체

The LINQ to Objects provider is used for in-memory collections, using the local query execution engine of LINQ. The code generated by this provider refers to the implementation of the standard query operators as defined on the Sequence pattern and allows IEnumerable<T> collections to be queried locally. Current implementation of LINQ to Objects perform interface implementation checks to allow for fast membership tests, counts, and indexed lookup operations when they are supported by the runtime type of the IEnumerable.

LINQ 와 XML (XLINQ)

The LINQ to XML provider converts an XML document to a collection of XElement objects, which are then queried against using the local execution engine that is provided as a part of the implementation of the standard query operator.

LINQ 와 SQL (DLINQ)

The LINQ to SQL provider allows LINQ to be used to query Microsoft SQL Server databases, including SQL Server Compact databases. Since SQL Server data may reside on a remote server, and because SQL Server has its own query engine, LINQ to SQL does not use the query engine of LINQ. Instead, it converts a LINQ query to a SQL query that is then sent to SQL Server for processing. However, since SQL Server stores the data as relational data and LINQ works with data encapsulated in objects, the two representations must be mapped to one another. For this reason, LINQ to SQL also defines a mapping framework. The mapping is done by defining classes that correspond to the tables in the database, and containing all or a subset of the columns in the table as data members. The correspondence, along with other relational model attributes such as primary keys, are specified using LINQ to SQL-defined attributes. For example,

[Table(Name="Customers")]
public class Customer
{
     [Column(IsPrimaryKey = true)]
     public int CustID;

     [Column]
     public string CustName;
}

This class definition maps to a table named Customers and the two data members correspond to two columns. The classes must be defined before LINQ to SQL can be used. Visual Studio 2008 includes a mapping designer that can be used to create the mapping between the data schemas in the object as well as the relational domain. It can automatically create the corresponding classes from a database schema, as well as allow manual editing to create a different view by using only a subset of the tables or columns in a table.

The mapping is implemented by the DataContext that takes a connection string to the server, and can be used to generate a Table<T> where T is the type to which the database table will be mapped. The Table<T> encapsulates the data in the table, and implements the IQueryable<T> interface, so that the expression tree is created, which the LINQ to SQL provider handles. It converts the query into T-SQL and retrieves the result set from the database server. Since the processing happens at the database server, local methods, which are not defined as a part of the lambda expressions representing the predicates, cannot be used. However, it can use the stored procedures on the server. Any changes to the result set are tracked and can be submitted back to the database server.

LINQ 와 데이터셋

Since the LINQ to SQL provider (above) works only with Microsoft SQL Server databases, in order to support any generic database, LINQ also includes the LINQ to DataSets. It uses ADO.NET to handle the communication with the database. Once the data is in ADO.NET Datasets, LINQ to DataSets execute queries against these datasets.

PLINQ

닷넷 프레임워크 버전 4에는 PLINQ(병렬 LINQ)가 포함되어 있으며 이는 LINQ 쿼리들을 위한 병렬 실행 엔진이다. ParallelQuery<T> 클래스를 정의한다. IEnumerable<T> 인터페이스 구현체는 닷넷 프레임워크의 System.Linq 이름공간의 ParallelEnumerable 클래스에 의해 정의된 AsParallel<T>(this IEnumerable<T>) 확장 메소드를 호출함으로써 PLIQ 엔진의 이점을 활용할 수 있다. PLIQ 엔진은 다중 스레드로 동시에 쿼리의 일부를 실행할 수 있어서 더 빠른 결과를 도출해 낸다.