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이탈리아 북부 [[사보나]]에 있는 [[토이라노 동굴]]에서는 동굴 속 깊은 곳에서 [[석순]]을 동굴곰 모양으로 다듬은 유물이 발견되었다. 네안데르탈인이 만든 이 석순 조형물은 숭배의 대상이거나 의식에 사용되었던 것으로 보인다.<ref>{{cite book|title=Humankind emerging|year=1996 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York|pages=440–441|edition=7th |isbn= 0-673-52364-0|author1=B.G. Campbell |author2=J.D. Loy }}</ref>
==Extinction 멸종 ==
[[File파일:Medvebarlang21.jpg|thumb섬네일|Skeleton루마니아에서 of발굴된 a동굴곰의 cave뼈대 bear in the '"Bear Cave", [[Chișcău]], [[Romania]]]]
Recent동굴곰은 reassessment여러 of원인이 fossils복합적으로 indicate작용하여 that the cave bear probably died out 24,000 years ago멸종하였다. A대개는 complex멸종 set시기를 of2만4천년 factors,전 rather쯤으로 than a single factor, are suggested to have led to the extinction.보지만<ref name="Withering">{{cite journal |author=Stiller, Mathias|title=Withering Away—25,000 Years of Genetic Decline Preceded Cave Bear Extinction|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq083|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=27 |pmid=20335279 |issue=5|pages=975–978|year=2010|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> However,1만2천년 there전 have목걸이에 been동굴곰 archeological치아가 finds of cave bear teeth used in a necklace that dates back only 12,000 years ago,장식된 suggesting것이 that있어 the그 extinction보다 may멸종 have시기가 happened늦었을 much수도 later있다.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.donsmaps.com/madeleine.html|title=La Madeleine - a rock shelter in the Dordogne with exquisite art objects from the Magdalenian|website=www.donsmaps.com|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
Compared마지막 with빙기 other극대기에 다른 많은 [[megafauna거대동물]]l species들이 that멸종하였던 also것과 became비교하면 extinct동굴곰은 during이른 the시기에 last멸종했는데 glacial초식성 maximum,동물로 the적응 cave한 bear것이 was기후 believed변화를 to맞아 have멸종의 had원인이 a되었다고 more specialized diet of high-quality plants and a relatively restricted geographical range. This was suggested as an explanation as to why it died out so much earlier than the rest추정되었다.<ref name="extinction">{{cite journal |author1=Pacher M. |author2=Stuart A.J. |title=Extinction chronology and palaeobiology of the cave bear (''Ursus spelaeus'')| doi=10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00071.x|journal=Boreas |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=189–206 |year=2009}}</ref> Some그러나 experts동굴곰의 have[[화석 disputed시기]]가 this여러 claim,지질 as시대에 the걸쳐 cave있기 bear때문에 had기후 survived변화가 multiple멸종의 climate원인이 changes아니었을 prior것이라고 to extinction본다. Additionally,미토콘드리아 [[mitochondrialDNA의 DNA]]분석 research결과 indicated동굴곰은 that빙기 the이전부터 genetic계속하여 decline유전체 of변화를 the겪었기 cave때문에 bear기후 began변화만으로 long멸종을 before설명하기는 it became extinct, demonstrating habitat loss due to climate change was not responsible어렵다.<ref name="Withering"/> Finally,더욱이 high루마니아의 [[Nitrogen-15|δ<sup>15</sup>N]]동굴에서 levels발견된 were질소-15가 found농축된 in동굴곰의 cave bear bones from [[Romania]],뼈대는 indicating이들이 wider육식도 dietary하는 possibilities잡식 than동물이었다는 previously점을 believed증명한다.<ref name="Omnivore">{{cite journal |author1=Trinkaus, Erik |author2=Richards, Michael P.|title=Reply to Grandal and Fernández: Hibernation can also cause high δ15N values in cave bears|doi=10.1073/pnas.0801137105|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=105|issue=11|pages=E15|year=2008|pmc=2393794}}</ref>
Overhunting기후 by변화가 [[human]]s하나의 has원인이었겠지만, been그 largely보다 dismissed더 because큰 human위험은 populations[[사람]]이었을 at것이다. the인간은 time동굴곰을 were끊임 too없이 small사냥하였고 to스스로의 pose거주지를 a마련하기 serious위해 threat동굴 to속에서 the곰을 cave쫓아 bear's survival, though the two species may have competed for living space in caves내었다.<ref name="bieder"/><ref name="Withering"/> Unlike그러나 brown선사시대 bears,동굴 cave벽화에는 bears큰곰이 are흔하지만 seldom동굴곰의 represented그림은 in드물기 cave때문에 paintings,인간의 leading사냥감 some항목에서 experts동굴곰은 to그리 believe크지 the않았다는 cave주장도 bear may have been avoided by human hunters있다.<ref>''The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation'' by Juliet Clutton-Brock, published by Routledge, 1990, {{ISBN|0-04-445900-9}}</ref> or그렇다면 their사람과 habitat서식지가 preferences겹쳤기 may때문에 not동굴곰이 have밀려난 overlapped.것일 The수도 late있다. paleontologist고생물학자 [[Björn비외른 Kurtén]]쿠르텐은 [[hypothesis|hypothesized]]마지막 cave빙기가 bear시작되기도 populations전에 were이미 fragmented동굴곰은 and서식지를 under인간에게 stress빼앗겨 even개체수 before감소를 the겪고 advent있었다고 of the glaciers추정한다.<ref name="bieder"/> Populations동굴곰의 living마지막 south거처는 of the [[Alps]]아마도 possibly알프스 survived남쪽 significantly지역이었을 longer것이다.<ref name="extinction"/>
Some발굴된 evidence동굴곰 indicates화석을 that보면 the이들이 cave오직 bear동굴에서만 used겨울잠을 only자고 caves큰곰과 for같은 hibernation다른 and곰들처럼 was관목 not숲 inclined같은 to대신할 use수 other있는 locations,장소를 such쓰지 as않았다는 [[thicket]]s,점을 for알 this수 purpose, in contrast to the more versatile [[brown bear]]있다. This사람의 specialized인구 hibernation증가와 behavior함께 would알맞은 have동굴의 caused수가 a계속해서 high줄어들었기 winter때문에 mortality큰곰과 rate달리 for결국 cave제대로 bears겨울잠을 that잘 failed수 to있는 find곳을 available마련하지 caves.못해 Therefore,멸종하였을 as수 human populations slowly increased, the cave bear faced a shrinking pool of suitable caves, and slowly faded away to extinction, as both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans sought out caves as living quarters, depriving the cave bear of vital habitat있다. This hypothesis is being researched at this time. According to the research study, published in the journal물론 ''[[Molecular기후 Biology변화가 and멸종을 Evolution]]'',부추겼겠지만 radiocarbon3만5천년 dating전까지도 of중부 the유럽에 fossil많은 remains개체가 shows살던 that동굴곰이 the급속히 cave멸종한 bear것은 ceased동굴을 to놓고 be인간과 abundant거주지 in경쟁을 Central벌일 Europe수 around밖에 35,000없었기 years때문일 ago것이다.<ref>{{cite web|title=True Causes for Extinction of Cave Bear Revealed: More Human Expansion Than Climate Change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100824082230.htm|website=ScienceDaily|publisher=Plataforma SINC|date=25 August 2010}}</ref>
In2019년 2019진행된 the스위스, results폴란드, of프랑스, a스페인, large scale study of 81 bone specimens (resulting in 59 new독일, sequences)이탈리아, and 64세르비아 previously등지에서 published발굴된 complete81 mitochondrial구의 genomes동굴곰 of뼈대에 cave대한 bear광범위한 mitochondrial미토콘트리아 DNA유전체 remains분석 found결과 in동굴곰은 Switzerland,[[크로마뇽인]]이 Poland,등장하여 France,[[오리냐크 Spain,문화]]가 Germany,생긴 Italy4만여 and년부터 Serbia,이미 indicated개체수 that감소에 the따른 cave유전체 bear변화를 population겪었다. drastically즉 declined현생 starting인류의 around인구 40,000증가가 years동굴곰의 ago개체수 at감소에 the onset of the [[Aurignacian]], coinciding with the arrival of영향을 anatomically주었다는 modern의미가 humans된다.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49345392|title=Extinction: Humans played big role in demise of the cave bear|last=Briggs|first=Helen|date=16 August 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gretzinger2019">{{cite journal|last1= Gretzinger|first1= J.|last2= Molak|first2= M.|last3= Reiter|first3= E.|last4= Pfrengle|first4= S.|last5= Urban|first5= C.|last6= Neukamm|first6= J.|last7= Blant|first7= M.|last8= Conard|first8=N. J.|last9= Cupillard|first9= C.|last10= Dimitrijević|first10= V.|last11= Drucker|first11=D. G.|last12= Hofman-Kamińska|first12= E.|last13= Kowalczyk|first13= R.|last14= Krajcarz|first14=M. T.|last15= Krajcarz|first15= M.|last16= Münzel|first16=S. C.|last17= Peresani|first17 =M.|last18= Romandini|first18= M.|last19= Rufí|first19= I.|last20= Soler|first20= J.|last21= Terlato|first21= G.|last22= Krause|first22= J.|last23= Bocherens|first23= H.|last24= Schuenemann|first24=V. J.|title= Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the Late Pleistocene cave bear|journal= Scientific Reports|volume= 9|issue= 1|date=15 August 2019|pages= 1–11|doi= 10.1038/s41598-019-47073-z|pmid= 31417104|pmc= 6695494}}</ref> It따라서 was동굴곰의 concluded멸종은 that기후 human변화 hunting보다는 and/or인간의 competition사냥과 played서식지 a major role in their decline and ultimate disappearance, and that climate change was not likely to have been the파괴에 dominant의한 factor것이다.<ref name="Gretzinger2019" /> In스페인의 a동굴에서 study발견된 of동굴곰 Spanish화석의 cave미토콘드리아 bearDNA mtDNA,분석 each결과 cave이 used동굴에는 by조상에서 cave자손으로 bears혈통이 was이어지는 found동굴곰들이 to살았다. contain인간에게 almost서식지를 exclusively빼앗긴 a동굴곰이 unique겨울잠을 lineage잘 of만한 closely알맞은 related새 haplotypes,동굴을 indicating찾기는 a쉽지 homing않았을 behaviour for birthing and hibernation것이다. The그런 conclusion곳은 of이미 this다른 study사람이 is cave bears could not easily colonize new sites when in살거나 competition다른 with동굴곰 humans가족이 for있었을 these것이기 resources때문이다.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fortes|first=Gloria G.|last2=Grandal‐d'Anglade|first2=Aurora|last3=Kolbe|first3=Ben|last4=Fernandes|first4=Daniel|last5=Meleg|first5=Ioana N.|last6=García‐Vázquez|first6=Ana|last7=Pinto‐Llona|first7=Ana C.|last8=Constantin|first8=Silviu|last9=Torres|first9=Trino J. de|date=10 August 2016|title=Ancient DNA reveals differences in behaviour and sociality between brown bears and extinct cave bears|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=25|issue=19|pages=4907–4918|doi=10.1111/mec.13800|issn=1365-294X|url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/38241/1/1233179_Barlow.pdf|pmid=27506329}}</ref>
In2020년 2020러시아의 a랴홉스키 well제도 preserved볼쇼이 ice섬에서 age발견된 cave동굴곰 bear사체는 was약 found3만5천년 on전 the얼어 [[Bolshoy죽은 Lyakhovsky Island]]것이다.<ref>[https://gizmodo.com/ice-age-cave-bear-found-exquisitely-preserved-in-siberi-1845061915 Ice Age Cave Bear Found Exquisitely Preserved in Siberian Permafrost]</ref> Nearby,겨울잠을 on자는 the동굴곰의 Siberian습성을 mainland생각하면 of겨울철 [[Yakutia]],동굴 a밖을 tiny,헤메는 beautifully모습이 preserved멸종에 cave이른 bear동굴곰의 cub마지막 recently모습이었을 emerged from another patch of melting permafrost것이다.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/beautifully-preserved-cave-bears-emerge-from-siberian-permafrost/ Beautifully preserved cave bears emerge from Siberian permafrost]</ref>
==See also==
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