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== 카놀라유 ==
{{otheruses}}
[[Image:CanolaOil bottle.jpg|thumb|100px|Bottle of canola cooking oil]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Canola girl swellendam.jpg|thumb|200px|Girl surrounded by [[rapeseed]] in [[Swellendam]], [[South Africa]] ]] -->
'''Canola''' is one of two [[cultivar]]s of [[rapeseed]] or [[Field mustard|''Brassica campestris'']] (''Brassica napus L.'' and ''B. campestris L.'').<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.isb.vt.edu/brarg/brasym95/brown95.htm | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | title = Gene transfer between canola (''Brassica napus L.'') and related weed species | last = Brown | first = J | coauthors = Thill DC; Brown AP; Mallory-Smith C; Brammer TA & Nair HS | journal = Annals of Applied Biology | year = 1996 | volume = 129 | pages = 513–22 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1996.tb05773.x }}</ref> Their seeds are used to produce [[edible oil]] that is fit for human consumption because it has lower levels of [[erucic acid]] than traditional rapeseed oils and to produce livestock feed because it has reduced levels of the toxic [[glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.infoplease.com/canola | title = Canola | publisher = [[Pearson PLC|infoplease.com]] | accessdate = 2008-12-29}}</ref> Canola was originally naturally bred from rapeseed in [[Canada]] by [[Keith Downey]] and [[Baldur R. Stefansson]] in the early 1970s,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=348 | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | year = 2007 | title = Richard Keith Downey: Genetics | publisher = science.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Storgaard | first = AK | publisher = [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007687 |title=Stefansson, Baldur Rosmund | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | year = 2008}}</ref> but it has a very different nutritional profile in addition to much less [[erucic acid]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001356 | title = Canola | publisher = [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] | last = Barthet | first = V | accessdate = 2008-12-29 }}</ref> The name "canola" was derived from "'''Can'''adian '''o'''il, '''l'''ow '''a'''cid" in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/foodag/weeds.html| title = What is canola? | work = A problem with weeds – the canola story | publisher = Biotechnology Australia (Australian Government) | accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Klahorst | first = Suanne J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1998 | url = http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/464/464_0398PR.html| title = Dreaming of the Perfect Fat | work = | publisher = Food Product Design (Virgo Publishing) | accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref> A product known as LEAR (for ''low erucic acid rapeseed'') derived from cross-breeding of multiple lines of ''[[Brassica juncea]]'' is also referred to as canola oil and is considered safe for consumption.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/low_erucic-faible_erucique-eng.php | title = Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (Lear) Oil Derived From Canola-quality Brassica juncea (L.) CZERN. Lines PC 97-03, PC98-44 AND PC98-45 | publisher = [[Health Canada]] | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | 2003-03-27}}</ref>
==History==
[[Image:Canola field temora nsw.jpg|thumb|Canola field in [[Temora, New South Wales]]]]
[[Image:canola bindi aus.jpg|thumb|Canola field near Bindi Bindi [[Western Australia]]]]
Once considered a specialty [[crop]] in [[Canada]], canola has become a major [[North America]]n [[cash crop]]. Canada and the [[United States]] produce between 7 and 10 million [[tonne]]s of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian [[export]]s total 3 to 4 million tonnes of the seed, 700,000 tonnes of canola oil and 1 million tonnes of canola meal. The United States is a net consumer of canola oil. The major customers of canola seed are [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[China]] and [[Pakistan]], while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Mexico, China, and [[Europe]]. World production of rapeseed oil in the 2002–2003 season was about 14 million metric tons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch3.PDF|author=USDA|title=Agricultural Statistics 2005|format = pdf}}</ref>
Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from [[rapeseed]], an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization. The word "rape" in rapeseed comes from the Latin word "''rapum''," meaning turnip. [[Turnip]], [[rutabaga]], [[cabbage]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[mustard plant|mustard]] and many other vegetables are related to the two canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of ''[[Brassica napus]]'' and ''[[Brassica rapa]]''. The negative associations due to the [[homophone]] "[[rape]]" resulted in creation of the more marketing-friendly name "Canola". The change in name also serves to distinguish it from regular rapeseed oil, which has much higher [[erucic acid]] content.
Hundreds of years ago, Asians and Europeans used rapeseed oil in lamps. As time progressed, people employed it as a [[cooking oil]] and added it to foods. Its use was limited until the development of [[steam power]], when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- or steam-washed [[metal]] surfaces better than other lubricants. [[World War II]] saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production.
After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Edible rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of [[chlorophyll]]. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid. Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may cause heart damage, though Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Ghafoorunissa | title = Fats in Indian Diets and Their Nutritional and health Implications | journal = Lipids | year= 1996 | volume = 31 | pages = S287–S291 | doi = 10.1007/BF02637093|pmid= 8729136}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Shenolikar, I | title = Fatty Acid Profile of Myocardial Lipid in Populations Consuming Different Dietary Fats | journal = Lipids | year= 1980 | volume = 15(11) | pages = 980–982}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Bellenand, JF; Baloutch, G; Ong, N; Lecerf, J | title = Effects of Coconut Oil on Heart Lipids and on Fatty Acid Utilization in Rapeseed Oil | journal = Lipids | year= 1980 | volume = 15(11) | pages = 938–943}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Achaya, KT | title = Fat Status of Indians - A Review | journal = Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research | year= 1987 | volume = 46 | pages = 112–126}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Indu, M; Ghafoorunissa | title = n-3 Fatty Acids in Indian Diets - Comparison of the Effects of Precursor (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) Vs Product (Long chain n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids) | journal = Nutrition Research | year= 1992 | volume = 12 | pages = 569–582 | doi = 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80027-2}}</ref> Feed meal from the rapeseed plant was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called [[glucosinolate]]s.
Plant breeders in Canada, where rapeseed had been grown (mainly in [[Saskatchewan]]) since 1936, worked to improve the quality of the plant. In 1968 Dr. [[Baldur Stefansson]] of the [[University of Manitoba]] used [[selective breeding]] to develop a variety of rapeseed low in erucic acid. In 1974 another variety was produced low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates; it was named Canola, from '''Can'''adian '''o'''il, '''l'''ow '''a'''cid.
A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant variety of Canola to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using [[genetic engineering]].
An [[Oregon State University]] researcher has determined that growing winter canola for [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] seed appears possible in central [[Oregon]], USA. Canola is the highest-producing oil-seed crop, but the state prohibits it from being grown in Deschutes, Jefferson and Crook counties because it may attract bees away from specialty seed crops such as [[carrot]]s, which require [[bee]]s for [[pollination]].
Canola was originally a trademark but is now a generic term for this variety of oil. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canola-council.org/chapter2.aspx| title = Canola Varieties | work = Canola Growers Manual | publisher = Canola Council of Canada | accessdate = 2008-04-12}}</ref>
== Production in the rest of the world ==
Africa: In the South of the [[Republic of South Africa]],Canola was planted for the first time in 1993 in the region called the [[Overberg]] near the town called [[Swellendam]]. Swellendam's farmer's Co-operative, [[SSK- Sentraal-Suid Koöperasie]] started a oil refinery called [[Southern Oil Limited]](Soill),according to the [[Afrikaans]] newespaper [[Die Burger]]'s article on the 24/07/2009 it is the only Canola refinery in South Africa and refines about 3 500 ton per month.
== 카놀라유와 건강 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="right"
|-
! 화합물!! 구분 !! 구성비(%)
|-
| <center>[[올레산]]</center>
| <center>ω-9</center>
|<center>61%<ref name="ccc">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.canola-council.org/canola_resources/product45.aspx
|title=Comparison of Dietary Fats Chart
|publisher=Canola Council of Canada
|accessdate=2008-09-03
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref></center>
|-
| <center>[[리놀렌산]]</center>
| <center>ω-6</center>
|<center>21%<ref name="ccc"/></center>
|-
| <center>[[알파-리놀렌산]]</center>
| <center>ω-3</center>
|<center>11%<ref name="ccc"/> 9%<ref name="usda">USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 (2008)</ref></center>
|-
| <center>[[포화지방산]]</center>
| <center></center>
|<center>7%<ref name="ccc"/></center>
|-
| <center>[[팔미트산]]</center>
| <center></center>
|<center>4%<ref name="usda"/></center>
|-
|<center>[[스테아르산]]</center>
| <center></center>
|<center>2%<ref name="usda"/></center>
|-
|<center>[[트랜스 지방]]</center>
| <center></center>
|<center>4%<ref name="usda"/></center>
|}
카놀라유는 포화지방이 적으며, 높은 불포화지방을 함유한다. 그리고 유익한 오메가3 지방산이 함유한다. [[:en:Canola Council of Canada]]은 카놀라유는 완벽히 완전하며, 일반적인 조리유 중 가장 건강에 좋은 기름이라 말한다.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canola-council.org/cooking_myths.html| title = Canola Oil: The truth! | work = | publisher = Canola Council of Canada | accessdate = 2007-10-20|quote = Canola oil is the healthiest of all commonly used cooking oils. It is lowest in saturated fat, high in cholesterol-lowering mono-unsaturated fat and the best source of omega-3 fats of all popular oils.}}</ref>
카놀라유는 심장 건강에 좋은데,<ref>{{cite journal | last = de Lorgeril | first = M | authorlink = | coauthors = Salen, P | year = 2006 | title = The Mediterranean-style diet for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases | journal = Public Health Nutr | date= 2006-02-09 | volume = | pages = 118–23}}</ref> 미국 영양협회(ADA)와 미심장협회(AHA)등을 포함하는 많은 건강 단체에서 인정한다.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.eatright.org/ada/files/Canola_Fact_Sheet_FINAL.pdf |format=PDF| title = Canola Oil: Good for Every Body | work = | publisher = [[American Dietetic Association]] | accessdate = 2008-09-03 |quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2008 | url = http://americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=532 | title = Know Your Fats | format = | work = | publisher = [[American Heart Association]] | accessdate = 2008-09-03 |quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2004 | url = http://professional.diabetes.org/UserFiles/File/Make%20the%20Link%20Docs/CVD%20Toolkit/07-Choose-Fat.pdf |format=PDF| title = Protect Your Heart: Choose Fats Wisely | work = | publisher = American Diabetes Association | accessdate = 2008-09-03 |quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549071 | title = AAFP 2006-Changing the Landscape of Chronic Disease Care | format = | work = | publisher = [[American Association of Family Physicians 2006 Scientific Assembly]] | accessdate = 2008-09-03 |quote = }}</ref> 카놀라유는 美FDA(U.S. Food and Drug Administration)로 부터 심장병 예방을 공식적으로 인정받았으며,<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhccanol.html | title = Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion U.S. Food and Drug Administration | accessdate = 2008-09-03| quote = }}</ref>이는 관상심장질환 위험을 줄이고, 불포화 지방산을 함유한다는 점에 근거한다.
=== 카놀라유의 유해성에 대한 도시 전설 ===
건강에 대한 카놀라유의 유해성을 주장하는 내용의 메일이 돌고 있다. 내용 중에는 확증이 없는 주장이 있을 수도 있으니 잘 생각해보아야 한다.<ref>{{cite web | last = Mikkleson | first = Barbara and David P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/canola.asp | title = Urban Legends Reference Pages: Canola Oil and Rape Seed | work = | publisher = [[Snopes]] | accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Edell | first = Dean | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1999 | url = http://www.healthcentral.com/drdean/408/16307.html | title = Canola Oil: Latest Internet Hoax Victim | work = | publisher = Healthcentral.com| accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Zeratsky| first = Katherine| authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2009| url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canola-oil/AN01281 | title = Canola Oil: Does it Contain Toxins? | work = | publisher = Mayo Clinic| accessdate =2010-02-19}}</ref>
<!--원문
=== Urban legend===
An e-mail was circulated that linked canola oil to a variety of false claims that it was harmful to human health. This is considered an [[email hoax]] making unsubstantiated claims.<ref>{{cite web | last = Mikkleson | first = Barbara and David P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | url = http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/canola.asp | title = Urban Legends Reference Pages: Canola Oil and Rape Seed | work = | publisher = [[Snopes]] | accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Edell | first = Dean | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1999 | url = http://www.healthcentral.com/drdean/408/16307.html | title = Canola Oil: Latest Internet Hoax Victim | work = | publisher = Healthcentral.com| accessdate = 2007-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Zeratsky| first = Katherine| authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2009| url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canola-oil/AN01281 | title = Canola Oil: Does it Contain Toxins? | work = | publisher = Mayo Clinic| accessdate =2010-02-19}}</ref>
-->
== 유전자 조작 ==
[[Image:July in Saskatchewan (852014963).jpg|thumb|left|[[:en:Saskatchewan]]의 카놀라 밭. ]]
유전자 조작 카놀라는 제초제에 대한 내성을 지니며, 1995년 캐나다에서 처음 생산되었다. 오늘날 약 80%의 경지에서 유전자 조작 카놀라가 재배되고 있다.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canola-council.org/facts_gmo.html| title = Canola Facts: Why Growers Choose GM Canola | work = Canola Quick Facts | publisher = Canola Council of Canada | accessdate = 2007-10-20|quote = GM or transgenic canola varieties have been modified to be resistant to specific herbicides. They are called herbicide-resistant varieties. The plants are modified, but the oil is not modified. It is identical to canola oil from non-modified or conventional canola. Herbicide-resistant GM canola is grown on about 80% of the area in western Canada. GM canola was first introduced in 1995.}}</ref>
=== 법적 쟁점===
유전자 조작 카놀라는 법적 논쟁거리가 되어왔다. 이목을 끄는 사건이 있었는데, ([[:en:Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser|en:몬산토 캐나다 대 슈마이저]]) 사건으로 [[:en:Monsanto|몬산토]]와 [[:en:Percy Schmeiser|en:퍼시 슈메이저]]간의 특허권 침해 소송이었다. 퍼시의 밭에서 몬산토의 [[:en:glyphosate|en:글라이포세이트]] 내성 카놀라가 나왔다는 것이 발단이었다. 대법원은 퍼시의 밭에서 작물이 자라고 있으므로 몬산토의 특허를 침해한다고 판단하였다. 그러나 퍼시가 작물로 이익을 얻기 이전까지는 몬산토에 피해보상을 할 필요는 없다.<ref>{{cite web | title = Monsanto vs. Percy Schmeiser | url = http://www.percyschmeiser.com/conflict.htm | accessdate = 2009-03-05}}</ref>
퍼시는 유전자 오염에 대한 정화비용으로 660 캐나다달러를 청구하였으나, 몬산토가 이에 대하여 합의와 사건에 대한 상태 언급을 안하는 조건을 내걸었다. 퍼시는 이를 거부하고, 동일금액으로 법원에 소송을 제기하였다.
2008년 3월 19일 퍼시 슈메이저와 몬산토는 법정 밖에서 몬산토가 유전자 오염에 대한 정화비용으로 660 캐나다 달러를 지불하기로 합의하였다.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.percyschmeiser.com | title = Monsanto vs Schmeiser: In the Spotlight... | accessdate = 2009-03-05}}</ref>
유전자 조작 카놀라의 도입은 호주에서 상당한 논쟁을 불러 일으켰다.<ref> for example {{cite news |first= Libby |last= Price|title= Network of concerned farmers demands tests from Bayer|url= http://www.abc.net.au/rural/vic/content/2005/s1454227.htm|work= ABC Rural: Victoria |publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date= 2005-09-06 |accessdate= 2007-10-10}} and {{cite news |title= Greenpeace has the last laugh on genetic grains talks|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/stories/s806013.htm |work= Rural news |publisher= Australian Broadcaasting Corporation|date= 2003-03-13|accessdate= 2007-10-20}} also {{cite news |first= Stephen|last= Cauchi |authorlink= |title= GM: food for thought|url= http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/24/1066974310732.html |work= Science article |publisher= The Age|date= 2003-10-25 |accessdate= 2007-10-20}} </ref>
카놀라는 호주에서 세 번째로 많이 재배되는 작물인데, 간작작물로서 밀농사를 짓는 농부들이 땅의 힘을 북돋아주기 위해 자주 재배한다. 2008년 유전자 조작 작물은 호주에서 비식용작물인 카네이션, 면화가 있었다. 2003년에는 호주의 유전자 기술 위원들은 [[:en:DL-Phosphinothricin|Glufosinate ammonium]](제초제)에 내성을 지닌 카놀라를 승인했다.<ref>{{cite news |title= GM canola gets the green light|url= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/01/1048962750314.html |work= National News |publisher= Sydney Morning Herald|date= 2003-04-01 |accessdate= 2007-10-20}} </ref>
==Other facts==
{{Trivia|date=December 2007}}
* The Chinese and Indians used a form of canola oil that was unrefined (natural).<ref>''Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill''by Udo Erasmus.</ref>
* Canola oil is a popular alternative vehicle (in place of extra-light olive oil) for ingestion of taste-free calories in [[The Shangri-La Diet]].
* 82% of the canola crops planted in [[Alberta]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Saskatchewan]] are GM ([[genetically modified food|genetically modified]]) herbicide-tolerant varieties.<ref>[http://www.canola-council.org/facts_gmo.html Canola Council of Canada - Canola Facts: Why Growers Choose GM Canola<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* In 2004, [[North Dakota]] produced 91% of the canola in the [[United States]].<ref>http://www.nass.usda.gov/nd/marrank.txt</ref>
* The rapeseed blossom is a [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|major source of nectar]] for [[honeybee]]s.
* Canola oil is a promising source for manufacturing [[biodiesel]], a renewable alternative to [[fossil fuel]]s.
* The main price-discovery mechanism for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly [[Winnipeg Commodity Exchange]]) canola futures contract. Rapeseed is traded on the [[Euronext]] exchange.
== See also ==
{{portal|Food|Foods.jpg}}
*[[Rapeseed]]
*[[Triangle of U]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/crops/a1171w.htm Swathing and Harvesting Canola]
*[http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/crops/a686w.htm Canola Production]
*[http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/foods/fn620-1.gif North Dakota State University ] picture comparing canola oil fatty acid content with other oils.
*Sally Fallon; Mary G.Enig (2002) [http://www.westonaprice.org/The-Great-Con-ola.html The Great Con-ola]. Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, Publisher: Weston A. Price Foundation. Accessed 2010-04-28
{{fatsandoils}}
[[Category:Brassica]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[bg:Рапица]]
[[ca:Colza]]
[[cv:Рапсă]]
[[cs:Brukev řepka]]
[[cy:Rêp]]
[[da:Raps]]
[[de:Raps]]
[[et:Raps]]
[[es:Brassica napus]]
[[eo:Kolzo]]
[[fr:Colza]]
[[gl:Colza]]
[[ko:유채]]
[[id:Brassica napus]]
[[is:Repja]]
[[it:Brassica napus]]
[[he:שמן קנולה]]
[[lt:Rapsas]]
[[hu:Repce]]
[[nl:Koolzaad]]
[[ja:セイヨウアブラナ]]
[[no:Raps]]
[[pl:Kapusta rzepak]]
[[pt:Canola]]
[[ru:Рапсовое масло]]
[[sk:Repka olejná]]
[[sl:Oljna ogrščica]]
[[fi:Rypsi]]
[[sv:Raps]]
[[tr:Kanola]]
[[uk:Ріпак]]
[[wa:Golzå]]
[[yi:קאנאלא אויל]]
[[bat-smg:Rapsos]]
[[zh:油菜]]
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