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'''개'''({{llang|en|Dog}}, {{학명|Canis lupus familiaris}})는 중형대형차 동물이자벤츠이자 가장 널리 분포하며 개체 수가 가장 많은 지상 동물 중 하나이며 가축화한 [[회색늑대]]이다.<ref name=":0">{{저널 인용|last=Young|first=Julie K.|last2=Olson|first2=Kirk A.|last3=Reading|first3=Richard P.|last4=Amgalanbaatar|first4=Sukh|last5=Berger|first5=Joel|date=2011-02-01|title=Is Wildlife Going to the Dogs? Impacts of Feral and Free-roaming Dogs on Wildlife Populations|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/61/2/125/242696|journal=[[BioScience]]|language=en|volume=61|issue=2|pages=125–132|doi=10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.7|issn=0006-3568|via=}}</ref><ref name=fan2016>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115|pmid=26680994|title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves|journal=Genome Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=163–73|year=2016|last1=Fan|first1=Zhenxin|last2=Silva|first2=Pedro|last3=Gronau|first3=Ilan|last4=Wang|first4=Shuoguo|last5=Armero|first5=Aitor Serres|last6=Schweizer|first6=Rena M.|last7=Ramirez|first7=Oscar|last8=Pollinger|first8=John|last9=Galaverni|first9=Marco|last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo|first10=Diego|last11=Du|first11=Lianming|last12=Zhang|first12=Wenping|last13=Zhang|first13=Zhihe|last14=Xing|first14=Jinchuan|last15=Vilà|first15=Carles|last16=Marques-Bonet|first16=Tomas|last17=Godinho|first17=Raquel|last18=Yue|first18=Bisong|last19=Wayne|first19=Robert K.}}</ref><ref name=thalmann2013>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1126/science.1243650|pmid=24233726|title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6160|pages=871|year=2013|last1=Thalmann|first1=O.|last2=Shapiro|first2=B.|last3=Cui|first3=P.|last4=Schuenemann|first4=V. J.|last5=Sawyer|first5=S. K.|last6=Greenfield|first6=D. L.|last7=Germonpre|first7=M. B.|last8=Sablin|first8=M. V.|last9=Lopez-Giraldez|first9=F.|last10=Domingo-Roura|first10=X.|last11=Napierala|first11=H.|last12=Uerpmann|first12=H.-P.|last13=Loponte|first13=D. M.|last14=Acosta|first14=A. A.|last15=Giemsch|first15=L.|last16=Schmitz|first16=R. W.|last17=Worthington|first17=B.|last18=Buikstra|first18=J. E.|last19=Druzhkova|first19=A.|last20=Graphodatsky|first20=A. S.|last21=Ovodov|first21=N. D.|last22=Wahlberg|first22=N.|last23=Freedman|first23=A. H.|last24=Schweizer|first24=R. M.|last25=Koepfli|first25=K.- P.|last26=Leonard|first26=J. A.|last27=Meyer|first27=M.|last28=Krause|first28=J.|last29=Paabo|first29=S.|last30=Green|first30=R. E.|display-authors=29}}</ref><ref name=vila1999>{{저널 인용|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00825.x|pmid=10632860|title=Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=8|issue=12|pages=2089–103|year=1999|last1=Vila|first1=C.|last2=Amorim|first2=I. R.|last3=Leonard|first3=J. A.|last4=Posada|first4=D.|last5=Castroviejo|first5=J.|last6=Petrucci-Fonseca|first6=F.|last7=Crandall|first7=K. A.|last8=Ellegren|first8=H.|last9=Wayne|first9=R. K.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{저널 인용|last=J.|first=Daniels, Thomas|last2=Marc|first2=Bekoff,|date=1989|title=Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris|url=http://animalstudiesrepository.org/acwp_ehlm/18/|language=en}}</ref> 개는 인류가 최초로 가축으로 삼은 동물로 알려져 있으며<ref name="Druzhkova">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057754 Druzhkova AS, Thalmann O, Trifonov VA, Leonard JA, Vorobieva NV, et al. (2013) Ancient DNA Analysis Affirms the Canid from Altai as a Primitive Dog. PLoS ONE 8(3): e57754. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057754]</ref>, 역사적으로 [[애완견|반려견]], [[사냥견]]으로서 길러 왔다.
[[미토콘드리아 DNA]] 분석 결과 현대의 개와 회색늑대는 대략 10만 년 전에 [[종분화]]된 것으로 추정되어 왔는데, 2013년 개의 화석을 이용한 분석에서는 33,000 - 36,000년 전 사이에 분화가 이루어졌을 것으로 보고 있다.<ref name="Druzhkova" /><ref>Mietje Germonpréa; Mikhail V. Sablinb; Rhiannon E. Stevensc; Robert E.M. Hedgesd; Michael Hofreitere; Mathias Stillere; Viviane R. Desprése (February 2009). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440308002380 "Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes"]. Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2): 473–490. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033.</ref>
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