English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
This is a press photo, of which many were made available to the public in promotion of the film.
Photo contains no copyright notice on either front or back.
A search with the U.S. Copyright Office produces no records of copyright for any materials attached to the names "DeAnna Robbins" or "Chester Letsinger", nor the photographer, "R. Dominguez"—this includes an absence of results pertaining to publicity materials, including photos, stills, or other works of a promotional nature. There is no evidence this photo is under copyright.
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
이 저작물은 미국에서 1978년과 1989년 3월 1일 사이에 저작권 안내 없이 발행되었고 이후 5년 이내에 미국 저작권 사무소에 저작권 등록을 하지 않았으므로 퍼블릭 도메인 입니다. 저작자가 사망한 지 몇 년이 지나지 않는 한 캐나다(사후 50년), 중국 본토(사후 50년, 홍콩과 마카오 제외), 독일(사후 70년), 멕시코(사후 100년), 스위스(사후 70년) 및 개별 조항이 있는 다른 국가와 같은 미국의 저작물에 대해 단기 보호 기간 조항을 적용하지 않는 국가 또는 지역에서는 저작권이 있습니다. 자세한 사항은 이 페이지를 참조하십시오.