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사용자:구순돌/연습장/쇼크 사이트

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A shock site is a website that is intended to be offensive or disturbing to its viewers, though it can also contain elements of humor[1] or evoke (in some viewers) sexual arousal.[2] Shock-oriented websites generally contain material such as pornographic, scatological, racist, sexist, graphically violent, insulting, vulgar, profane, or otherwise some other provocative nature. Websites that are primarily fixated on real death and graphic violence are particularly referred to as a gore site.[3] Some shock sites display a single picture, animation, video clip or small gallery, and are circulated via email or disguised in posts to discussion sites as a prank. Steven Jones distinguishes these sites from those that collect galleries where users search for shocking content, such as Rotten.com.[4] Gallery sites can contain beheadings, execution, electrocution, suicide, murder, stoning, torching, hangings, terrorism, cartel violence, drowning, vehicular accidents, war victims, rape, necrophilia, genital mutilation and other sexual crimes.[2]

Some shock sites have also gained their own subcultures and have become internet memes on their own. Goatse.cx featured a page devoted to fan-submitted artwork and tributes to the site's hello.jpg, and a parody of the image was unwittingly shown by a BBC newscast as an alternative for the then-recently unveiled logo for the 2012 Summer Olympics. A 2007 shock video known as 2 Girls 1 Cup also quickly became an Internet phenomenon, with videos of reactions, homages, and parodies widely posted on video sharing sites such as YouTube.

History

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There have been several shock galleries that have launched and shut down. Rotten.com hosted murder videos and images of deceased people,[5] and brandished the motto "Pure Evil Since 1996".[6] During their operation, the owners of Rotten.com launched several new sites, one of which was Shockumentary.com in 2006. Shockumentary.com was created to sell mondo films like Traces of Death (1993).[6] Ogrish.com, which was established in 2000, hosted "mutilated corpses, car accidents, burn victims, congenital malformations and other grotesqueries".[7] Ogrish.com's reputation rested on its publication of gore media from terrorists and war.[7] In 2006, Ogrish.com was rebranded as Liveleak.com.[7] Bestgore.com, established in 2008 by Mark Marek, was notorious for its extremely graphic content, such as photos and videos of murders, suicides and violent accidents with an estimated 15–20 million monthly visits during its operation.[8] He pleaded guilty and was given a six-month conditional sentence for his role in a case where he was accused of corrupting public morals in Alberta, Canada.[9] Some shock galleries, however, established more specific niches. The sites Necrobabes, Cannibal Café, and Gourmet tailored themselves to would-be cannibals in the early 2000s.[10] These sites gained attention in 2003 when Armin Meiwes, an aspiring cannibal, used the sites to connect with Jürgen Brandes, a man who desired to be eaten.[10] The two met, and Brandes' murder and cannibalism were recorded and posted on various sites.[10] Additionally, Graham Coutts visited Necrobabes, Rapepassion, Violentpleasure, and Hangingbitches frequently before strangling teacher Jane Longhurst.[11]

There have also been several individual videos that received viral attention. Goatse[12][13] was one of the earliest and best-known shock sites, featuring an image of a man stretching his anus with his hands.[12][14] The site featured a page devoted to fan-submitted artwork and tributes to the site.[12][13] The site was shut down in 2004; however, various mirror sites featuring the image still exist.[15] In 2012, it was resurrected as an e-mail service.[16] In 2008, the Dnepropetrovsk maniacs posted the graphic murder video "3 Guys 1 Hammer".[2] This was followed years later by Eric Clinton Kirk Newman's (known now as Luka Rocco Magnotta) video "1 Lunatic 1 Icepick" in 2012—a video of Newman murdering Chinese student Jun Lin that contained dismemberment, cannibalism, and necrophilia, and was posted on Bestgore.com.[2] Newman also shared a video one year prior of him using a vacuum and plastic bag to suffocate two kittens to the song "Happy Xmas (War is Over)" by John Lennon to several gore sites.[2] Meatspin is a shock site containing a looping video (set playing to "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) by Dead or Alive") of two people engaging in anal sex, while the penis of the receiving partner spins endlessly. Although frequently reported to be gay pornography, it has been mentioned that the clip was derived from a transgender pornography film. A counter keeps track of how many "spins" the viewer has watched.[17][18] In 2013, a student at Florida State University hacked the wireless network of his campus and redirected all traffic to Meatspin.[19][20] In 2015, consternation followed when a family restaurant played the website in front of young children.[21][18] In 2016, the website was played on a public digital billboard in Sweden, resulting in international media attention.[22][23][24][25] The site first went live on March 10, 2005. 2017년 기준, the domain is now meatspin.cc. John-Michael Bond of The Daily Dot stated that to an extent, "casual homophobia" of the 2000s helped popularize Meatspin.[26]

Legality

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Currently, there is no federal or state legislation in the United States that outlaws possessing or viewing videos or images that depict the death of a human being.[2] In 2000, California introduced a bill to outlaw these films, but after the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised protest over First Amendment Concerns, the bill failed to pass. No other bill has passed since.[2] In the case of Miller v. California, the U.S. Supreme Court established a test to determine whether content falls under the category of unprotected obscenity.[2] The Miller test requires that content "appeals to the prurient interest" to be obscene, meaning content must have a sexual component.[2]

That test was modified by United States v. Richards, which ruled that animal crush videos (videos that involve the killing of animals) can be obscene and therefore, are unprotected by the First Amendment even though they do not clearly appeal to sexual interests.[2] The court ruled animal crush videos to be unprotected obscenity for two reasons. First, animal crush videos can appeal to a "specific sexual fetish," which fits the sexual conduct requirement of the Miller test. Second, United States v. Richards modified the Miller test by ruling that obscenity "can also cover unusual deviant acts" even if they are not directly sexual.[2] Child pornography also falls under the category of unprotected obscenity by these tests.[2] Due to the combination of murder and pornography depicted on shock sites that contain murder videos like gore2gasm.com, legal scholars have argued that murder videos also appeal to specific sexual interests and are thus unprotected under United States v. Richards.[2]

In terms of liability, unless death videos are illegal, third party providers like shock sites that host death videos are protected by the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA).[2] However, websites that require users to upload illegal content or actively encourage users to create and share illegal content can be held liable.[2] Additionally, courts have granted increasing privacy rights to families over the publication and distribution of images of deceased relatives.[27] The owners of Rotten.com were successfully sued by families for hosting photos of dead people and videos of their deaths on the site.[5]

In the UK, legislators passed the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act of 2008, which included a section outlawing extreme pornography (that which is intended to sexually arouse viewers that threatens a person's life, is likely to seriously harm a person's anus, breasts, or genitals, or involves a human corpse or an animal).[1][28] This has resulted in shock sites, as well as US pornographers including Max Hardcore and Extreme Associates, being convicted of obscenity in the UK.[28]

During the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, the shooter broadcast the killings live on Facebook.[29] The video was shared on Facebook and uploaded to YouTube shortly after. Footage of the mass killings were hosted on 4chan, 8chan, LiveLeak, Voat, Zero Hedge, and KiwiFarms.[29] Rather than the Australian government trying to ban this specific instance of murder video, internet service providers in Australia chose to place temporary blocks on any sites that hosted the footage until all the footage was believed to be removed.[29]

Ethics

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Several ethical concerns have been raised on the topic of shock sites and murder videos. One concern is that the popularity of shock sites will encourage an increase in violent murders, which can result in more extreme and violent videos that will likely generate more views on shock sites.[2] Murder videos can inspire copycats to replicate the snuff films. After one of the Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs' videos leaked on the internet as "3 Guys 1 Hammer" in 2007, Luka Magnotta murdered Lin Jun, a Chinese student, and uploaded the video (including scenes of dismemberment, cannibalism, and necrophilia) under the similar title of "1 Lunatic 1 Icepick" in 2012.[2]

Another concern is the right of a victim and the victim's family to privacy after death.[2] This is the issue of whether Lin Jun's parents have a right to remove the video of their son's murder from the internet.[2] Murder victims cannot consent to the footage of their deaths being used and uploaded, and several court cases have agreed that parents and loved ones should have a right to prevent the widespread viewership of a personal tragedy and stop the video from being published.[27]

Finally, while shock value is not sufficient to justify banning content legally (as was determined by Cohen v. California),[27] there are still ethical concerns about the emotional damages caused by the jarring nature and content of shock sites. Viewing violent content such as murder videos on social media can cause or trigger post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cause other emotional distress.[2]

Media

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As more people upload and view murder videos on shock sites, some believe that this practice is being mirrored in the horror movie genre. The presence of CCTV in Saw and the online torture auctions in Hostel Part II raise questions on the nefarious use of monitoring systems and the widespread access to videos of Al-Qaeda beheadings, executions in American prisons, and other real depictions of violence and murder on the internet.[5] In examples like Saw, the contemporary horror genre reflects real horror on the internet.[5]

Additionally, a parody of Goatse was shown by a BBC newscast as an alternative for the then recently unveiled logo for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[30][31]

See also

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 Internet 포털
 Erotica and pornography 포털

References

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  1. ↑ 가 나 Attwood, Feona (November 2014). “Immersion: 'extreme' texts, animated bodies and the media”. 《Media, Culture & Society》 (영어) 36 (8): 1186–1195. doi:10.1177/0163443714544858. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 144857991. 
  2. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 차 카 타 파 하 거 너 더 러 머 버 Farmand Jr., Musa K. (November 2016). “Who Watches this Stuff?: Videos Depicting Actual Murder and the Need for a Federal Criminal Murder-Video Statute” (PDF). 《Florida Law Review》 68: 1915–1941. 
  3. ↑ “Snuff: Murder and torture on the internet, and the people who watch it”. 2012년 6월 13일. 
  4. ↑ Jones, Steven (2010). "Horrorporn/Pornhorror". In Attwood, Feona (ed.). Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography. Peter Lang. p. 124. ISBN 9781433102073.
  5. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Reyes, Xavier Aldana (2013), 〈Violence and Mediation: The Ethics of Spectatorship in the Twenty-First Century Horror Film〉, Matthews, Graham; Goodman, Sam, 《Violence and the Limits of Representation》 (영어), Palgrave Macmillan UK, 145–160쪽, doi:10.1057/9781137296900_9, ISBN 9781349451913 
  6. ↑ 가 나 《Snuff : real death and screen media》. Jackson, Neil, 1968-, Kimber, Shaun,, Walker, Johnny, 1987-, Watson, Thomas Joseph, 1987-. New York. 2016년 1월 28일. ISBN 9781628921120. OCLC 886489355. 
  7. ↑ 가 나 다 Stryker, Cole (2014년 9월 30일). “Murder, Mayhem and the Evolution of Website LiveLeak”. 《Newsweek》 (영어). 2019년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ “Edmonton gore site owner charged in Magnotta video investigation released on bail”. 《Global News》. 2013년 7월 18일. 2014년 10월 31일에 확인함. 
  9. ↑ Reith, Terry (2016년 1월 25일). “Mark Marek, who posted Magnotta murder video, pleads guilty to corrupting morals”. CBC/Radio-Canada. 2016년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ 가 나 다 “Beyond Hannibal”. 《The Independent》. 2003년 11월 20일. 
  11. ↑ Sapsted, David (2004년 2월 5일). “I have got an awful feeling I will strangle a woman”. 《The Daily Telegraph》 (영국 영어). ISSN 0307-1235. 2022년 1월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 10월 14일에 확인함. 
  12. ↑ 가 나 다 Kirkpatrick, Stewart (2004년 6월 9일). “Lazy Guide to Net Culture: NSFW”. 《The Scotsman》 (Edinburgh). 
  13. ↑ 가 나 “The Hands of God”. 《Snopes.com》. 2007년 6월 15일. 2009년 8월 3일에 확인함. 
  14. ↑ Kumar, Pawan (2008년 11월 11일). “Goatse.cx; Distended?”. Yaziyo News. 
  15. ↑ “goatse.ru”. 2013년 2월 18일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ Hutchinson, Lee (2012년 11월 19일). “How goatse.cx went from shock site to webmail service”. 《Ars Technica》. 2014년 11월 2일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ Moore, Jack (February 2016). “9 Seemingly Innocent Phrases You Should Never, Ever Google at Work”. 《GQ》 (미국 영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  18. ↑ 가 나 Hartley-Parkinson, Richard (2015년 2월 4일). “Gay Porn On O2 Restaurant Booking Screen Leaves Diner Feeling Sick”. 《Huffington Post》 (영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  19. ↑ Munzenrieder, Kyle. “FSU Campus Wi-Fi Users Redirected to "Meat Spin" Shock Site by Hacker”. 《Miami New Times》. 2016년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  20. ↑ Zimmerman, Neetzan. “Florida State Student Faces Felony Charges for Redirecting School's Wifi Users to Infamous Shock Site”. 《Gawker》 (미국 영어). 2016년 4월 6일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ Hartley-ParkinsonRichard Hartley-Parkinson, Richard (2015년 2월 3일). “Family saw hardcore gay porn playing on restaurant computer”. 《Metro》 (영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ Barrell, Ryan (2016년 5월 9일). “Meatspin Porn Website Somehow Ends Up On Bus Stop In Malmö, Sweden”. 《Huffington Post》 (영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ Prabhu, Vijay (2016년 5월 9일). “Someone hacked a billboard in Malmo, Sweden to show hardcore porn”. 《Techworm》 (미국 영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ Samuelson, Fredrik. “Reklamskylt visade grov porr på stationen”. 《Expressen》 (스웨덴어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Oakes, Omar. “Billboard hijacked with porn in Sweden”. 《Campaign》 (영어). 2017년 1월 27일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Bond, John-Michael (2017년 2월 3일). “Revisiting Meatspin, the NSFW site that shocked a generation”. 《The Daily Dot》. 2019년 9월 12일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ 가 나 다 Calvert, Clay; Torres, Mirelis (2011). “Staring Death in the Face during Times of War: When Ethics, Law, and Self-Censorship in the News Media Hide the Morbidity of Authenticity”. 《Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy》 25: 87. 
  28. ↑ 가 나 Attwood, Feona (2011). “The Paradigm Shift: Pornography Research, Sexualization and Extreme Images”. 《Sociology Compass》 (영어) 5 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00356.x. ISSN 1751-9020. 
  29. ↑ 가 나 다 Ma, Alexandra. “4chan, 8chan, and LiveLeak blocked by Australian internet providers for hosting the livestream of New Zealand mosque shootings”. 《Business Insider》. 2019년 9월 20일에 확인함. 
  30. ↑ Herrmann, Steve. "Shock tactics." BBC. June 5, 2007. Retrieved on February 23, 2009.
  31. ↑ Johnson, Robert 'Bobbie' (2007년 6월 8일). “B3ta hacks the BBC with Olympic goatse”. 《The Guardian》 (London). 2008년 6월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 5월 23일에 확인함. 

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