사용자:이형주/번역장 14

이 문서는 the first official currency of Brazil from 1690 to 1942에 관한 것입니다. Brazilian real (old)에 대해서는 the modern Brazilian currency unit 문서를 참고하십시오.

BRL은 여기로 연결됩니다. other uses에 대해서는 BRL (disambiguation) 문서를 참고하십시오.

R$는 여기로 연결됩니다. the currency used in Rhodesia between 1970 and 1980에 대해서는 Rhodesian dollar 문서를 참고하십시오.

이형주/번역장 14
100 reais banknote of the latest series, announced February 2010. Issued on December 13, 2010. [1][2] 100 reais banknote of the latest series, announced February 2010. Issued on December 13, 2010.
ISO 4217 코드	BRL
사용국	브라질
인플레이션	6.5%, 2012
복수형	Reais

The real (/[미지원 입력]reɪˈɑːl/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁeˈaw]; pl. reais) is the present-day currency of Brazil. Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL. It is subdivided into 100 centavos ("hundredths").

The modern real was introduced in 1994 as part of the Plano Real, a substantial monetary reform package that aimed to put an end to three decades of rampant inflation. At the time it was meant to have approximately fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the United States dollar. It suffered a sudden devaluation to a rate of about 2:1 in 1999, reached almost 4:1 in 2002, then partly recovered and has been approximately 2:1 since 2006. The exchange rate as of June 15, 2012 is BRL 2.05 to USD 1.00.

In Portuguese the word real means both "royal" and "real". The name of the historic real derived from the first sense. The name of the modern currency is generally understood to refer both to the historic unit and to the second sense.

The dollar-like sign (cifrão) in the currency's symbol (both historic and modern), and in all the other past Brazilian currencies, is officially written with two vertical strokes ($\mathrm {S} \!\!\!\Vert$) rather than one. However Unicode considers the difference to be only a matter of font design, and does not have a separate code for the two-stroked version.

History

The modern real (plural reais) was introduced on July 1, 1994, during the presidency of Itamar Franco, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was the Minister of Finance, as part of a broader plan to stabilize the Brazilian economy, known as the Plano Real. The new currency replaced the short-lived cruzeiro real (CR$). The reform included the demonetization of the cruzeiro real and required a massive banknote replacement.

At its introduction, the real was defined to be equal to 1 unidade real de valor (URV, "real value unit") a non-circulating currency unit. At the same time the URV was defined to be worth 2750 cruzeiros reais, which was the average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to the cruzeiro real on that day. As a consequence, the real was worth exactly one U.S. dollar as it was introduced. Combined with all previous currency changes in the country's history, this reform made the new real equal to 2.75 x 10¹⁸ (2.75 quintillions) of Brazil's original "réis".

Soon after its introduction, the real unexpectedly gained value against the U.S. dollar, due to large capital inflows in late 1994 and 1995. During that period it attained its maximum dollar value ever, about US$ 1.20. Between 1996 and 1998 the exchange rate was tightly controlled by the Central Bank, so that the real depreciated slowly and smoothly in relation to the dollar, dropping from near 1:1 to about 1.2:1 by the end of 1998. In January 1999 the Central Bank, under its new president Arminio Fraga, released its control. The Real suffered a sudden and unexpected devaluation, to a rate of almost R$2 : US$1.

In the following years, the currency's value against the dollar followed an erratic but mostly downwards path from 1999 until late 2002, when the prospect of the election of leftist candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, considered a radical populist by sectors of the financial markets, prompted another currency crisis and a spike in inflation. Many Brazilians feared another default on government debts or a resumption of heterodox economic policies, and rushed to exchange their reais into tangible assets or foreign currencies. In October 2002 the exchange rate reached its historic low of almost R$4 per US$1. The crisis subsided once Lula took office, after he, his finance minister Antonio Palocci, and Arminio Fraga reaffirmed their intention to continue the orthodox macroeconomic policies of his predecessor (including inflation-targeting, primary fiscal surplus and floating exchange rate, as well as continued payments of the public debt). The value of the real in dollars continued to fluctuate but generally upwards, so that by 2005 the exchange was a little over R$2 : US$1. In May 2007, for the first time since 1999, the real became worth more than US$ 0.50 — even though the Central Bank, concerned about its effect on the Brazilian economy, had tried to keep it below that symbolic threshold.

Historical exchange rate (BRL:USD)

• 15 Feb 1995: 1.00
• 25 Jan 2002: 2.385
• 12 Apr 2002: 2.27118
• 27 Jun 2002: 2.83026
• 30 Sep 2002: 3.87
• 12 Oct 2002: 3.93679
• 27 Dec 2002: 3.53876
• 18 Feb 2003: 3.61967
• 28 Jun 2003: 2.87868
• 30 Sep 2003: 2.9362
• 28 Dec 2003: 2.9
• 31 Mar 2004: 2.9155
• 23 May 2004: 3.1805
• 28 Jun 2004: 3.10219
• 30 Sep 2004: 2.85404
• 28 Dec 2004: 2.69267
• 19 Feb 2005: 2.563
• 26 Mar 2005: 2.7385
• 28 Jun 2005: 2.3836
• 25 Sep 2005: 2.2635
• 11 Nov 2005: 2.175
• 28 Dec 2005: 2.3607
• 27 Mar 2006: 2.1537
• 7 May 2006: 2.0569
• 29 Dec 2006: 2.13697
• 7 Nov 2007: 1.73045
• 4 Aug 2008: 1.5605
• 22 Jul 2011: 1.5548
• 18 Mar 2012: 1.7990
• 19 Aug. 2012: 2.0150

Users

Brazil, and sometimes used in bordering countries, especially Brazil-Uruguay and Brazil-Paraguay borders in which every year millions of Brazilians go shopping at the Duty Free stores.

Coins

First series (1994-1997)

Along with the first series of currency, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos and 1 real; the 25-centavo piece soon followed. All were struck in stainless steel. Except for the 1-real, they remain legal tender; however, since December 31, 1997, the coins dated 1994-1997 have been withdrawn from circulation by the Central Bank.

Second series (1998-)

In 1998, a second series of coins was introduced. It featured copper-plated steel coins of 1 and 5 centavos, brass-plated steel coins of 10 and 25 centavos, a cupronickel 50 centavos coin, and a bi-coloured brass and cupronickel coin of 1 real. However, from 2002 onwards, steel was used for the 50 centavos coin and the central part of the 1 real coin.

In November 2005, the Central Bank discontinued the production of 1 centavo coins, but the existing ones continue to be legal tender. Retailers now generally round their prices to the next 5 or 10 centavos.

Second series
Value	Design
1 centavo	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Depicts Pedro Álvares Cabral, Portuguese sea captain and Brazil's discoverer. 16th century Portuguese ship in the background.
5 centavos	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Depicts Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (also known as Tiradentes), martyr of early independence movement known as Inconfidência Mineira. In the background, a triangle, symbol of the movement, and a dove, symbol of peace and freedom.
10 centavos	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Depicts Emperor Pedro I, Brazil's first monarch. In the background, the Emperor on a horse: a scene alluding to the proclamation of independence.
25 centavos	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Depicts Field Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, Brazil's first Republican president. The Republic's coat of arms is in the background.
50 centavos	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Depicts José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior (also known as Baron of Rio Branco), the country's most distinguished Minister of Foreign Affairs. In the background, image of the country with ripples expanding outwards, representing the development of Brazil's foreign policy and the expansion and demarcation of the national borders.
1 real	Obverse: The Southern Cross in right upper side. Reverse: Outer ring depicts sample of marajoara art pattern. In the inner ring, the Efígie da República, symbol of the Republic.

Commemorative coins

The Brazilian Central Bank has also issued special commemorative versions of the 1 real coin on special occasions. These coins are legal tender and differ from the standard ones only on the reverse side.

Value	Details
1 real	Release date: December 10, 1998 Occasion: The 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Units produced: 600 thousand Reverse: The official logo of the commemorations; in bas-relief, a human figure. In the outer ring, the inscriptions "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and "50th anniversary"
1 real	Release date: September 12, 2002 Occasion: The 100th birth anniversary of Brazilian ex-president Juscelino Kubitschek Units produced: 50 million Reverse: A face portrait of Kubitschek. Vertically, the inscription "Juscelino Kubitschek's Centenary". In the outer ring, images alluding to the columns of the Alvorada Palace, the Presidential residence in Brasília, the city that he decided would be built.
1 real	Release date: September 23, 2005 Occasion: The 40th anniversary of the foundation of the Brazilian Central Bank Units produced: 40 million Reverse: Image of the trademark Central Bank building, inspired in the official logo developed for the commemorations. In the outer ring, the inscriptions "Brazilian Central Bank" and "1965 40 YEARS 2005"
1 real	Release date: August 11, 2012 Occasion: The Olympic Flag Handover for the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics Units produced: 2 million Reverse: The Olympic Flag in a pole above the official logo of the Games fo the XXXI Olympiad. In the outer ring, the inscriptions "Olympic Flag Handover" and "London 2012 * Rio 2016"

Banknotes

Original series

In 1994, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 reais. These were followed by 2 reais in 2000 and 20 reais in 2001. On December 31, 2005, BCB discontinued the production of the 1 real banknote, but it remains legal tender.

Real Series [1]
Value	Dimensions	Description
		Obverse	Reverse
1 real	140 × 65 mm	The Republic's Effigy, portrayed as a bust	Sapphire-spangled Emerald Hummingbird (Amazilia lactea)
2 reais			Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
5 reais			Great Egret (Casmerodius albus)
10 reais			Green-winged Macaw (Ara chlorepterus)
20 reais			Golden lion tamarin (Mico-Leão dourado)
50 reais			Jaguar (Onça pintada)
100 reais			Grouper (Garoupa)

Polymer 10 real note

In April 2000, in commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese arrival on Brazilian shores, the Brazilian Central Bank released a polymer 10 real banknote that circulates along with the other banknotes above. The Brazilian Mint printed 250 million of these notes, which at the time accounted for about half of the 10 real banknotes in circulation.

This note contains a more complex design, as follows: Obverse:

• Image of Pedro Álvares Cabral, the Portuguese sea captain;
• A representation of the map "Terra Brasilis", one of the earliest drawings of the land;
• A passage from Pero Vaz de Caminha's letter to King Manuel I of Portugal, the first known description of Brazil;
• A 16th century Portuguese Rose of Winds;
• To the right of the map, five ships from Cabral's expedition appear;
• In the background, decorative elements from Portuguese tiles can be seen;
• The white area around the red dot is actually transparent (the red dot is translucent);
• Finally, also in the background, the Cross from the Order of Christ, which was present in all Portuguese ships of the time, appears.

Reverse: A stylized map of Brazil with photographs depicting the ethnic variety of the Brazilian people (white, black, and amerindian).

New series

파일:Newreal.jpeg

Banknotes in the new series

On February 3, 2010, the Central Bank of Brazil announced a new series of the real banknotes which would begin to be released in April 2010. The new design will add security enhancements which aim to reduce counterfeiting. The notes will have different sizes according to their values to help vision-impaired people. The changes were made reflecting the growth of the Brazilian economy and the need for a stronger and safer currency. The new banknotes have begun to enter circulation in December 2010, coexisting with the older ones.

2010, 2011, and 2012 Series
Image	Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of issue	Date of first issue	Watermark
				Obverse	Reverse
[2]	10 reais	135 x 65mm	Red	Plants; head of República	Arara (macaw)	2010	July 23, 2012	Macaw and electrotype 10
[3]	20 reais	156 x 70mm	Yellow and orange	Plants; head of República	Mico-Leão-Dourado (golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia)	2010	July 23, 2012	Golden lion tamarin and electrotype 20
[4]	50 reais	149 x 70mm	Brown and olive green	Jungle plants; head of República	Onça pintada (jaguar)	2010	December 13, 2010	Jaguar and electrotype 50
[5]	100 reais	156 x 70mm	Aqua and light blue	Underwater plants and starfish; head of República; coral	Garoupa (grouper) fish; coral	2010	December 13, 2010	Grouper and electrotype 100

See also

• Portuguese real
• Plano Real
• Economy of Brazil

External links

• Brazil's Currency War
• Coins of Brazil with Pictures
• Images of historic and modern Brazilian bank notes
• The Invention of the Real (This American Life)