사용자:이형주/에스토니아 크룬

이형주/에스토니아 크룬
사용국	{{{사용국}}}

The kroon (sign: kr; code: EEK) was the official currency of Estonia for two periods in history: 1928–1940 and 1992–2011. Between 1 January and 14 January 2011, the kroon circulated together with the euro, after which the euro became the sole legal tender in Estonia. The kroon was subdivided into 100 cents (senti; singular sent). The word kroon (틀:IPA-et, crown) is related to that of the other Nordic currencies (such as the Swedish krona and the Danish and Norwegian krone) and derived from the Latin word corona ("crown"). The kroon succeeded the mark in 1928 and was in use until the Soviet invasion in 1940, after which it was replaced by the Soviet ruble. After Estonia regained its independence, the kroon was reintroduced in 1992.

First kroon, 1928–1940

History

The kroon became the currency of Estonia on 1 January 1928 after having been a unit of account since 1924. It replaced the mark at a rate of 100 mark = 1 kroon. The kroon was subdivided into 100 senti.

In 1924, the kroon was pegged to the Swedish krona at par, with a gold standard of 2480 kroon = 1 kilogram of pure gold. The standard received real coverage with the reserves backing the kroon. The issue of treasury notes and exchange notes was terminated. In order to secure the credibility of the kroon, the Bank of Estonia exchanged kroon for foreign currency. All these measures restored confidence in the domestic banking and monetary sector, contributing to the economic reinvigoration of the country and to the improvement of the reputation of the Estonian state in the international arena.

During the Great Depression in 1933, the kroon went off the gold standard, devalued 35% and obtained a currency peg with the Great Britain Pound (GBP) at 1 GBP = 18.35 kroon. The Estonian kroon kept this peg and circulated until the Soviet occupation of 1940. The kroon was exchanged for the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 ruble = 0.8 kroon.

Banknotes and coins

In 1928, the first coins of this currency were issued, nickel-bronze 25 senti pieces. These were followed by bronze 1 sent in 1929, silver 2 krooni in 1930, bronze 5 senti and nickel-bronze 10 senti in 1931, silver 1 kroon in 1933, bronze 2 senti and aluminium-bronze 1 kroon in 1934, nickel-bronze 20 senti in 1935, nickel-bronze 50 senti in 1936.

On 25 July 1940, 4 days after founding of Estonian SSR, the last Estonian pre-WW II coin, new 1 sent (date 1939) was issued.

In 1927, before the kroon was officially introduced, 100 marka banknotes circulated with an "ÜKS KROON" (1 kroon) overprint. Eesti Pank introduced 10 krooni notes in 1928, followed by 5 and 50 krooni in 1929, 20 krooni in 1932 and 100 krooni in 1935.

Second kroon, 1992–2010

History

The kroon was reintroduced as Estonia's currency on 20 June 1992, replacing the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 kroon = 10 rubles. (Each person was able to change maximally 1500 rubles to 150 kroons.) Initially, the Estonian kroon was pegged to the Deutsche Mark at a rate of 8 krooni = 1 Deutsche Mark. After the introduction of the euro the fixed exchange rate of 1.95583 DEM to EUR led to an exchange rate of 15.64664 krooni to the euro. On 27 June 2004, as Estonia joined the ERM II-system, the central parity of the Estonian kroon was revalued (by less than 0.001%) to 15.6466 krooni per euro. On 1 January 2011 the euro replaced the kroon as the official currency of Estonia. The kroon circulated alongside the euro until 15 January 2011 at which point it ceased to be legal tender. However, the Eesti Pank will indefinitely exchange kroon banknotes and coins in any amount into euro.

Banknotes

In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 100 and 500 krooni. Some of the 5, 10, 25, 100 and 500 krooni notes were dated 1991. In 1994, a 50 krooni note was introduced. Unlike others, the 1 kroon and 50 krooni notes were issued only once.

Notes in circulation before being replaced by the euro:

• 1 kroon (1992),
• 2 krooni (1992, 2006, 2007),
• 5 krooni (1991, 1992, 1994),
• 10 krooni (1991, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2007),
• 25 krooni (1991, 1992, 2002, 2007),
• 50 krooni (1994),
• 100 krooni (1991, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2007),
• 500 krooni (1991, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2007).

Current Series
Image		Value (EEK)	Value (€)	Main Colour	Description
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse
		1 kroon	€0.06	Orange/Brown	Kristjan Raud	Toompea Castle
		2 krooni	€0.13	Grayish blue	Karl Ernst von Baer	University of Tartu
		5 krooni	€0.32	Orange	Paul Keres	Narva castle & Ivangorod fortress
		10 krooni	€0.64	Pink	Jakob Hurt	Tamme-Lauri oak tree
		25 krooni	€1.60	Green	Anton Hansen Tammsaare	Vargamäe village
		50 krooni	€3.20	Dark green	Rudolf Tobias	Estonia Theatre
		100 krooni	€6.40	Light blue	Lydia Koidula	Baltic Klint
		500 krooni	€31.96	Purple	Carl Robert Jakobson	Barn swallow

Coins

50 senti 2004
파일:EEK 50senti 2004.jpg
Reverse	Obverse

In 1992, coins were introduced (some dated 1991) in denominations of 5, 10, 20 & 50 senti, as well as 1 kroon. The 1 kroon was struck in cupronickel, the others in aluminum-bronze. However, in 1997, nickel-plated steel 20 senti were introduced, followed by aluminum-bronze 1 kroon in 1998. 5 senti coins were not issued after 1994 but were still legal tender. The cupronickel 1 kroon coins from 1992, 1993 & 1995 were demonetized on 31 May 1998. The 5 krooni coins were commemorative pieces and were rarely seen in circulation.

Coins in circulation before being replaced by the euro:

• 5 senti (1991, 1992, 1995)
• 10 senti (1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2008)
• 20 senti (1992, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008)
• 50 senti (1992, 2004, 2006, 2007)
• 1 kroon (1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2008)
• 5 krooni (1993, 1994).

Image	Nominal value	Technical parameters
		Diameter	Weight	Edge	Composition
	5 senti	15.95 mm	1.29 g	plain	copper 93%, aluminum 5%, nickel 2%
	10 senti	17.20 mm	1.87 g
	20 senti	18.95 mm	2.27 g
	20 senti	18.95 mm	2.00 g		nickeled steel
	50 senti	19.50 mm	3 g		copper 93%, aluminum 5%, nickel 2%
	1 kroon	23.25 mm	5 g	jagged	copper 89%, aluminum 5%, zinc 5% Sn 1%
	5 krooni	26.20 mm	7.1 g

See also

• Currency board
• Economy of Estonia
• Estonian euro coins
• Estonian mark

References

• Krause, Chester L., and Clifford Mishler (1991). 《Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991》 18판. Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.  CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
• Pick, Albert (1994). 《Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues》. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) 7판. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9. 

External links

• Coins of Estonia 1991 - present

전임: Estonian mark 이유: independence 비율: at par	Estonian kroon의 통화 1928 – 1940	후임: Soviet ruble 이유: Estonian SSR 비율: ?
전임: Soviet ruble 이유: Estonian SSR 비율: at par	Estonian kroon의 통화 1992 – 2010	후임: Euro 이유: entry into Eurozone 비율: 1 EUR = 15.6466 EEK

틀:Currencies of post-Soviet states -->