사용자:Gaepakchinae/연습장/어리호박벌속
이 문서는 초안 문서입니다. 누구나 과감하게 편집할 수 있습니다. 위키백과 문서로 게시하기 전에 정책과 지침을 준수하였는지 확인해주세요.
이 사용자 문서의 최신 판은 Gaepakchinae (기여 • 기록)님이 2년 전에 편집한 것입니다. (새로 고침) |
어리호박벌속은 어리호박벌아족에 속한 속이다. 이 속은 31개의 아속과 500개 이상의 종을 포함한다.[1] 영어권에서는 둥지를 지을 때 보이는 습성을 따서 "목수벌"이라고 부른다; 거의 모든 종들이 죽은 나무나 대나무 같은 단단한 식물성 물질에 굴을 파고 들어간다. 예외로는 Proxylocopa아속이 있는데, 이 녀석들은 적당한 토양을 파고 들어가 둥지를 짓는다.
어원 편집
프랑스의 곤충학자 피에르 앙드레 라트레이유는 이 속을 1802년에 기술하였다. 그는 속의 학명 Xylocopa를 고대 그리스의 "나무꾼"이라는 뜻의 xylokopos/ξυλοκὀπος에서 따왔다.[2]
특성 편집
이 거대한 속의 많은 종들은 서로 구분해 말하기 쉽지 않다; 대부분의 종들은 온통 시커멓거나, 약간의 노란색, 하얀색의 무늬가 있다.Many species in this enormous genus are difficult to tell apart; most species are all black, or primarily black with some yellow or white pubescence. Some differ only in subtle morphological features, such as details of the male genitalia. Males of some species differ confusingly from the females, being covered in greenish-yellow fur. The confusion of species arises particularly in the common names; in India, for example, the common name for any all-black species of Xylocopa is bhanvra, and reports and sightings of bhanvra are commonly misattributed to a European species, Xylocopa violacea; however, this species is found only in the northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, and most reports of bhanvra, especially elsewhere in India, refer to any of roughly 15 other common black Xylocopa species in the region, such as X. nasalis, X. tenuiscapa, or X. tranquebarorum.[3]
Non-professionals commonly confuse carpenter bees with bumblebees;[4] the simplest rule of thumb for telling them apart is that most carpenter bees have a shiny abdomen, whereas bumblebee abdomens are completely covered with dense hair. Males of some species of carpenter bees have a white or yellow face, unlike bumblebees, while females lack the bare corbicula of bumblebees; the hind leg is entirely hairy.
시맥은 특징적이다; 앞날개의 경계세포()는 좁고 길며, The wing venation is characteristic; the marginal cell in the front wing is narrow and elongated, and its apex bends away from the costa. The front wing has small stigma. When closed, the bee's short mandibles conceal the labrum. The clypeus is flat.[4] Males of many species have much larger eyes than the females, which relates to their mating behavior.
In the United States, two eastern species, Xylocopa virginica and X. micans, occur. Three more species are primarily western in distribution, X. varipuncta, X. tabaniformis orpifex, and X. californica. X. virginica is by far the more widely distributed species.[5]
생태적 중요성 편집
몇몇 종의 암컷은 딸들, 자매들과 같이 작은 사회집단을 이루어 살아간다. 이 녀석들은 둥지의 방 사이에 칸막이를 만들기 위해 나뭇조각을 사용한다. 어떤 종은 나무 둥지에 구멍을 뚫는다. 굴이 표면 근처에 있기 대문에, 구조적 손상은 보통 사소하거나 표면적이다.[6]
어리호박벌류는 구기부가 짧으며 몇몇 open-faced or shallow flowers에게는 중요한 꽃가루 매개자이다; 심지어 maypop (Passiflora incarnata), Orphium 와 같은 식물들은 어리호박벌류가 아니면 수분하지 못한다. They also are important pollinators of flowers with various forms of lids, such as Salvia species and some members of the Fabaceae. However many carpenter bees "rob" nectar by slitting the sides of flowers with deep corollae. Xylocopa virginica is one example of a species with such nectar robbing behavior. With their short labia the bees cannot reach the nectar without piercing the long-tubed flowers; they miss contact with the anthers and perform no pollination. In some plants, this reduces fruit and seed production, while others have developed defence mechanisms against nectar robbing. When foraging for pollen from some species with tubular flowers however, the same species of carpenter bees still achieve pollination, if the anthers and stigmata are exposed together.[7]
Many Old World carpenter bees have a special pouch-like structure on the inside of their first metasomal tergite called the acarinarium where certain mites (Dinogamasus species) reside as commensals. The exact nature of the relationship is not fully understood, though in other bees that carry mites, they are beneficial, feeding either on fungi in the nest, or on other harmful mites.
습성 편집
어리호박벌류는 혼자 살아가는 부류로 여겨져왔지만, 어떤 종들은 엄마와 딸이 공존할 수 있는 단순한 사회성 둥지를 이룬다. 이러한 사회성 둥지의 예시로는 Examples of this type of social nesting can be seen in the species Xylocopa sulcatipes[8] and Xylocopa nasalis[9]. When females cohabit, a division of labor between them occurs sometimes. In this type of nesting, multiple females either share in the foraging and nest laying, or one female does all the foraging and nest laying, while the other females guard.[8]
Solitary species differ from social species. Solitary bees tend to be gregarious and often several nests of solitary bees are near each other. In solitary nesting, the founding bee forages, builds cells, lays the eggs, and guards. Normally, only one generation of bees live in the nest.[8] Xylocopa pubescens is one carpenter bee species that can have both social and solitary nests.[10]
어리호박벌류는 나무, 대나무, 그 외에도 꽃자루(:en:peduncle (botany)) 따위의 단단한, 보통 죽은 식물 조직에 굴을 파서 둥지를 만든다. 이 녀석들은 턱으로 단단한 목재를 파내면서 몸을 진동시키며, 각각의 둥지는 하나의 입구를 가지고 있으며 인접한 다른 굴들이 있을 수도 있다. subfamily처럼 다양한 종류의 식물을 파내지만, but any one species may show definite adaptations or preferences for particular groups of plants. 입구는 보통 보, 벤치, 나뭇가지 밑부분에 16mm 정도의 완벽한 원형 구멍의 형태를 띈다. 어리호박벌류는 나무를 먹지 않는다. 이 녀석들은 나뭇조각을 버리거나, 방 사이에 칸막이를 짓기 위한 재료로 사용한다. 굴은 새끼를 기르는 육아방이나, 새끼들을 먹일 꽃가루, 꽃꿀 저장소로 쓰인다. 어떤 종들의 provision masses는 어떤 종류의 벌보다도 더욱 복잡한 모양을 띤다. of some species are among the most complex in shape of any group of bees; whereas most bees fill their brood cells with a soupy mass and others form simple spheroidal pollen masses, Xylocopa species form elongated and carefully sculpted masses that have several projections which keep the bulk of the mass from coming into contact with the cell walls, sometimes resembling an irregular caltrop. The eggs are very large relative to the size of the female, and are some of the largest eggs among all insects.[11] Carpenter bees can be timber pests, and cause substantial damage to wood if infestations go undetected for several years.[12]
어리호박벌류는 서로 아주 다른 두 가지 교배방식(:en:mating system)을 따르며, 어떤 방식을 따르는지는 보통 어떤 종이든 수컷의 표본을 확인하는 것만으로 판별할 수 있다. 수컷의 눈이 큰 종은 수컷이 암컷을 찾기 위해 돌아다니거나, 빙빙 돌거나 기다리는 식으로 교배한다. 다른 교배방식의 경우, 수컷은 보통 머리가 굉장히 작지만, 수컷이 날아다닐 때 중체부(en:mesosoma)의 크고 비대한 샘에서 페로몬을 암컷에게 수컷의 존재를 알리기 위해 공기중에 흩뿌린다.[13]
수컷은 둥지 주위를 곧잘 맴돌며, 근처의 동물들에게 다가갈 것이다. 하지만 수컷은 독침이 없기 때문에 무해하다.[14] 암컷은 독침이 있어서 쏠 수 있지만, 성격이 유순해서 손으로 잡거나 대놓고 도발하지 않는 이상 거의 쏘지 않는다.[5]
천적 편집
딱따구리류, 때까치류, 벌잡이새류 등의 다양한 종류의 조류, 벌꿀오소리와 같은 몇몇 포유류, 대형 사마귀류, 특히 대형 파리매류 등의 포식성 파리류가 어리호박벌류를 먹이로 삼는다. 딱따구리는 벌의 유충이 내는 소리를 쫒아서 터널을 따라 구멍을 뚫고 애벌레를 먹는다.[15]
이런 노골적인 포식자들 말고도, 재니등에과의 포식기생종(e.g. Xenox)은 벌들의 둥지에 알을 낳으며, 구더기는 벌의 유충을 먹고 자라난다.
하위 종 편집
- Xylocopa abbotti (Cockerell, 1909)
- Xylocopa abbreviata Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa acutipennis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa adumbrata Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa adusta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa aeneipennis (DeGeer, 1773)
- Xylocopa aerata (Smith, 1851)
- Xylocopa aestuans (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa africana (Fabricius, 1781)
- Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa albinotum Matsumura, 1926
- Xylocopa alternata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919)
- Xylocopa amamensis Sonan, 1934
- Xylocopa amauroptera Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa amazonica Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa amedaei Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius, 1793)
- Xylocopa andarabana Hedicke, 1938
- Xylocopa andica Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa angulosa Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa anthophoroides Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa apicalis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa appendiculata Smith, 1852
- Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa aruana Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa assimilis Ritsema, 1880
- Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa auripennis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa aurorea Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa aurulenta (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa bakeriana (Cockerell, 1914)
- Xylocopa balteata Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa bambusae Schrottky, 1902
- Xylocopa bangkaensis Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa barbatella Cockerell, 1931
- Xylocopa bariwal Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa basalis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa bentoni Cockerell, 1919
- Xylocopa bequaerti (Cockerell, 1930)
- Xylocopa bhowara Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa biangulata Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken, 1932
- Xylocopa bicristata Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa bilineata Friese, 1914
- Xylocopa bimaculata Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa binongkona van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa bluethgeni Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa bombiformis Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa bomboides Smith, 1879
- Xylocopa bombylans (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa boops Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa brasilianorum (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Xylocopa braunsi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa bruesi Cockerell, 1914
- Xylocopa bryorum (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa buginesica Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa buruana Lieftinck, 1956
- Xylocopa caerulea (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Xylocopa calcarata (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa calens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa californica Cresson, 1864
- Xylocopa caloptera Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa canaria (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
- Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1838
- Xylocopa capitata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa carbonaria Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa caribea Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa caspari van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa caviventris Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1911
- Xylocopa ceballosi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa celebensis (Gribodo, 1894)
- Xylocopa chapini (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa chinensis Friese, 1911
- Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell, 1908)
- Xylocopa chlorina (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa chrysopoda Schrottky, 1902
- Xylocopa chrysoptera Latreille, 1809
- Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876
- Xylocopa citrina Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa clarionensis Hurd, 1958
- Xylocopa claripennis Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa cloti Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa cockerelli Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa codinai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa colona Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa columbiensis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa combinata Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa combusta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa concolorata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa conradsiana Friese, 1911
- Xylocopa coracina van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa cornigera Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa coronata Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa cribrata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa cubaecola Lucas, 1857
- Xylocopa cuernosensis (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa cyanea Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa cyanescens Brullé, 1832
- Xylocopa dalbertisi Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa dapitanensis (Cockerell, 1915)
- Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926
- Xylocopa dejeanii Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa dibongoana Hedicke, 1923
- Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809
- Xylocopa disconota Friese, 1914
- Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ditypa Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa diversipes Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa dolosa Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa dormeyeri (Enderlein, 1909)
- Xylocopa duala Strand, 1921
- Xylocopa electa Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa elegans Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa erlangeri Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo, 1894
- Xylocopa escalerai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa esica Cameron, 1902
- Xylocopa euchlora Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell, 1933
- Xylocopa eximia Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa fabriciana Moure, 1960
- Xylocopa fallax Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798)
- Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa fimbriata Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer, 1778)
- Xylocopa flavifrons Matsumura, 1912
- Xylocopa flavonigrescens Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer, 1778)
- Xylocopa forbesii W. F. Kirby, 1883
- Xylocopa forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell, 1930
- Xylocopa fransseni van der Vecht, 1953
- Xylocopa friesiana Maa, 1939
- Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789)
- Xylocopa fuliginata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa fulva Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa funesta Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa fuscata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo, 1894)
- Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa gaullei Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa ghilianii Gribodo, 1891
- Xylocopa gracilis Dusmet y Alonso, 1923
- Xylocopa graueri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa gressitti Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti, 1892
- Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa grossa (Drury, 1770)
- Xylocopa grubaueri Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa gualanensis Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa guatemalensis Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa guigliae Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa haefligeri Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa haematospila Moure, 1951
- Xylocopa hafizii Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa hellenica Spinola, 1843
- Xylocopa hirsutissima Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa hyalinipennis Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa ignescens (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa incandescens (Cockerell, 1932)
- Xylocopa incerta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa incompleta Ritsema, 1880
- Xylocopa inconspicua Maa, 1937
- Xylocopa inconstans Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa insola Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa insularis Smith, 1857
- Xylocopa io Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa iranica Maa, 1954
- Xylocopa iridipennis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791)
- Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa javana Friese, 1914
- Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa karnyi Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa kerri (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa kuehni Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa lachnea Moure, 1951
- Xylocopa lanata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa langi (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837
- Xylocopa lateritia Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa laticeps
- Xylocopa latipes (Drury, 1773)
- Xylocopa lautipennis (Cockerell, 1933)
- Xylocopa lehmanni Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa leucocephala Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa levequeae Maa, 1943
- Xylocopa lieftincki Leys, 2000
- Xylocopa lombokensis Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa longula Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa loripes Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa lucbanensis (Cockerell, 1927)
- Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa lugubris Gerstäcker, 1857
- Xylocopa lundqvisti Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa madida Friese, 1925
- Xylocopa madurensis Friese, 1913
- Xylocopa maesoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa magnifica (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa maidli Maa, 1940
- Xylocopa maior Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa marginella Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa mastrucata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa mazarredoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa mcgregori Cockerell, 1920
- Xylocopa mckeani (Cockerell, 1929)
- Xylocopa meadewaldoi Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa mendozana Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa merceti Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa meyeri Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa micans Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa micheneri Hurd, 1978
- Xylocopa mimetica Cockerell, 1915
- Xylocopa minor Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski, 1881
- Xylocopa modesta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa mohnikei Cockerell, 1907
- Xylocopa mongolicus (Wu, 1983)
- Xylocopa montana Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa mordax Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa morotaiana Lieftinck, 1956
- Xylocopa muscaria (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa myops Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa nasalis Westwood, 1842
- Xylocopa nasica Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa nautlana Cockerell, 1904
- Xylocopa negligenda Maa, 1939
- Xylocopa nigrella Hurd, 1959
- Xylocopa nigrescens Friese, 1901
- Xylocopa nigricans Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa nigricaula (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa nigripes Friese, 1915
- Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius, 1775)
- Xylocopa nigrocaerulea Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa nigrocaudata Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa nigrocincta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa nigroclypeata Rayment, 1935
- Xylocopa nigroplagiata Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa nigrotarsata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa nitidiventris Smith, 1878
- Xylocopa nix (Maa, 1954)
- Xylocopa nobilis Smith, 1859
- Xylocopa nogueirai Hurd & Moure, 1960
- Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa oblonga Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa obscurata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa occipitalis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ocellaris Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ocularis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1932
- Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius, 1778)
- Xylocopa olivieri Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa ordinaria Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa orthogonaspis Moure, 2003
- Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell, 1908)
- Xylocopa pallidiscopa Hurd, 1961
- Xylocopa parviceps Morawitz, 1895
- Xylocopa parvula Rayment, 1935
- Xylocopa perforator Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa perkinsi Cameron, 1901
- Xylocopa perpunctata (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa peruana Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa perversa Wiedemann, 1824
- Xylocopa pervirescens Cockerell, 1931
- Xylocopa phalothorax Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa philippinensis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa pilosa Friese, 1922
- Xylocopa plagioxantha Lieftinck, 1964
- Xylocopa praeusta Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa prashadi Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa preussi Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa provida Smith, 1863
- Xylocopa proximata Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa przewalskyi Morawitz, 1886
- Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa pseudoviolacea Popov, 1947
- Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838
- Xylocopa pulchra Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell, 1917
- Xylocopa punctigena Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa punctilabris Morawitz, 1894
- Xylocopa pusulata Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa ramakrishnai Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa rejecta Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa remota Maa, 1938
- Xylocopa rogenhoferi Friese, 1900
- Xylocopa rotundiceps Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa rufa Friese, 1901
- Xylocopa ruficeps Friese, 1910
- Xylocopa ruficollis Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa ruficornis Fabricius, 1804
- Xylocopa rufidorsum Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa rufipes Smith, 1852
- Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa rutilans Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa samarensis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
- Xylocopa sarawatica Engel, 2017[16]
- Xylocopa schoana Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo, 1884
- Xylocopa senex Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa senior Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa shelfordi Cameron, 1902
- Xylocopa sicheli Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa signata Morawitz, 1875
- Xylocopa similis Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983)
- Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa smithii Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa sogdiana Popov & Ponomareva, 1961
- Xylocopa somalica Magretti, 1895
- Xylocopa sonorina Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa sphinx Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa splendidula Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa stadelmanni Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa stanleyi (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa steindachneri Maidl, 1912
- Xylocopa strandi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
- Xylocopa subcombusta (LeVeque, 1928)
- Xylocopa subcyanea Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal, 1898
- Xylocopa subvirescens Cresson, 1879
- Xylocopa subvolatilis (Cockerell, 1918)
- Xylocopa subzonata Moure, 1949
- Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa, 1970
- Xylocopa sulcifrons Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988
- Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal, 1899
- Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa tacanensis Moure, 1949
- Xylocopa tambelanensis (Cockerell, 1926)
- Xylocopa tanganyikae Strand, 1911
- Xylocopa tayabanica Cockerell, 1930
- Xylocopa tegulata Friese, 1911
- Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell, 1933
- Xylocopa tenuata Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa tenuiscapa Westwood, 1840
- Xylocopa teredo Guilding, 1825
- Xylocopa tesselata Maa, 1970
- Xylocopa thoracica Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa torrida (Westwood, 1838)
- Xylocopa tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1804)
- Xylocopa tranquebarorum (Swederus, 1787)
- Xylocopa transitoria Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa tricolor Ritsema, 1876
- Xylocopa trifasciata Gribodo, 1891
- Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal, 1910
- Xylocopa truxali Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa tumida Friese, 1903
- Xylocopa tumorifera Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa turanica Morawitz, 1875
- Xylocopa uclesiensis Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa unicolor Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa ustulata Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa vachali Pérez, 1901
- Xylocopa valga Gerstäcker, 1872
- Xylocopa varentzowi Morawitz, 1895
- Xylocopa varians Smith, 1874
- Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa varipuncta Patton, 1879
- Xylocopa velutina Lieftinck, 1957
- Xylocopa versicolor Alfken, 1930
- Xylocopa vestita Hurd & Moure, 1963
- Xylocopa villosa Friese, 1909
- Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus, 1771)
- Xylocopa viridigastra Lepeletier, 1841
- Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854
- Xylocopa vittata Enderlein, 1903
- Xylocopa vogtiana Enderlein, 1913
- Xylocopa volatilis Smith, 1861
- Xylocopa vulpina Alfken, 1930
- Xylocopa waterhousei Leys, 2000
- Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley, 1983
- Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell, 1906
- Xylocopa wilmattae Cockerell, 1912
- Xylocopa xanti Mocsáry, 1883
- Xylocopa yunnanensis Wu, 1982
- Xylocopa zonata Alfken, 1930
사진 편집
각주 편집
- ↑ Minckley, R. L. (1998). “A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)”. 《Scientific Papers》 (Natural History Museum, University of Kansas) 9: 1–47. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.16168. 2012년 2월 19일에 확인함.
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). 《A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition)》. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 472쪽. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ↑ Gupta, R.K., Yanega, D. 2003. A taxonomic overview of the carpenter bees of the Indian region [Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae, Xylocopinae, Xylocopini, Xylocopa Latreille]. pp. 79-100 in Gupta, R.K. (Ed.) Advancements in Insect Biodiversity. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India.
- ↑ 가 나 “Xylocopa Latreille Large Carpenter Bees”. 《Discover Life》. 2014년 11월 19일에 확인함. Sourced from Mitchell, T.B. (1962). Bees of the Eastern United States, Volume II. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Bul. No.152, 557 p.
- ↑ 가 나 Yanega, D. “Carpenter Bees, Order Hymenoptera Family Apidae, Genus Xylocopa”. U.C. Riverside Entomology Research Museum. 2012년 2월 19일에 확인함.
- ↑ Jones, Susan. “Fact Sheet Carpenter Bees”. Ohio State University Extension. 2012년 7월 23일에 확인함.
- ↑ "Large Carpenter Bees as Agricultural Pollinators". www.hindawi.com. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
- ↑ 가 나 다 Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983). Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ↑ D Gerling, H.H.W. Velthuis, A. Hefetz (1989). Bionomics of the Large Carpenter Bees of the Genus Xylocopa. Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 34: 163-190. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001115.
- ↑ Gerling, Dan, Paul David Hurd, and Abraham Hefetz. Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.
- ↑ Salvatore Vicidomini (2005년 2월 9일). “Chapter 40 — Largest Eggs”. 《Book of Insect Records》. University of Florida.
- ↑ Robert A. Zabel; Jeffrey J. Morrell (2012년 12월 2일). 《Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention》. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-13946-5.
- ↑ Minckley, R. L.; Buchmann, S. L.; Wcislo, W. T. (1991). “Bioassay evidence for a sex attractant pheromone in the large carpenter bee, Xylocopa varipuncta (Anthophoridae: Hymenoptera)”. 《Journal of Zoology》 224 (2): 285–291. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04805.x.
- ↑ Potter, M. “Carpenter Bees”. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology. 2012년 2월 19일에 확인함.
- ↑ “Cornell Lab of Ornithology”. 《cornell.edu》.
- ↑ Engel, M.S.; Alqarni, A.S.; Shebl, M.A.; Iqbal, J.; Hinojosa-Diaz, I.A. (2017). “A new species of the carpenter bee genus Xylocopa from the Sarawat Mountains in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)”. 《ZooKeys》 716: 29–41. doi:10.3897/zookeys.716.21150.
외부 링크 편집
- United States Xylocopa Identification Guide
- List of Species
- Worldwide Species Map
- Close-up photos of a carpenter bee – taken near the town of Chavarillo, Veracruz, Mexico
- Carpenter bees, Xylocopa spp. on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site