소련–아프가니스탄 전쟁: 두 판 사이의 차이

1980년 1월, [[이슬람 협력 기구]] 가맹 34개국의 외무부처들이 아프가니스탄의 소련군의 즉각적인 철수를 요구하는 결의안을 채택했고,<ref name="news.google.co.nz">{{cite news|title=Moslems Condemn Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=January 29, 1980|url=https://news.google.co.nz/newspapers?id=0esNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6692,3799612&dq=soviet+invasion+of+afghanistan&hl=en}}</ref> [[UN 총회]]는 소련의 아프가니스탄 개입에 반대하는 결의안을 104대 18의 표결로 통과시켰다.<ref name="news.google.co.nz"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=U.N. General Assembly Votes to Protest Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|newspaper=Toledo Blade|date=January 15, 1980|url=https://news.google.co.nz/newspapers?id=MQwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6049,7393411&dq=soviet+invasion+of+afghanistan&hl=en}}</ref> 아프가니스탄의 반군은 인접한 [[파키스탄]]과 [[중화인민공화국|중공]]을 통해 막대한 양의 물자와 군사훈련을 받기 시작했고,<ref name="shichor" /> [[미국]]과 [[페르시아 만]]의 아랍 군주국들이 그자금을 비용을 댔다지원했다.<ref name="Oily">{{cite news|title=The Oily Americans|date=May 13, 2003|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,450997-92,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=2008-07-08|first1=Donald L.|last1=Barlett|first2=James B.|last2=Steele}}</ref><ref name="Brzezinski">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829032721/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html|archivedate=2000-08-29|title=Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski-(13/6/97).|publisher=|accessdate=October 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/charlie-wilson-congressman-whose-support-for-the-mujahideen-helped-force-the-soviet-union-out-of-afghanistan-1898180.html|title=Charlie Wilson: Congressman whose support for the mujahideen helped force the Soviet Union out of Afghanistan|work=The Independent|accessdate=October 2, 2014|location=London|first=Rupert|last=Cornwell|date=February 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="shichor" /><ref name=kepel-143>{{cite book|last=Kepel |first=Gilles |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2002 |pages=143|quote=By 1982 the jihad was receiving $600 million in U.S. aid per year, with a matching amount coming from the Gulf states.}}</ref><ref>Total aid from the CIA is estimated at $3 billion. The precise figures as well as a description of the mechanics of the aid process are given in Barnett R. Rubin, ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan.'' Yale University Press, 2002</ref><ref>According to Milton Bearden, former CIA chief in charge of the Afghan department, "The Saudi dollar-for-dollar match with the US taxpayer was fundamental to the success [of the ten-year engagement in Afghanistan]" (from [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/interviews/bearden.html Milton Bearden] Interview. PBS Frontline.)</ref><ref name="unholy">Kinsella, Warren. "Unholy Alliances", Lester Publishing, 1992</ref>

무자히딘들은 소규모 세포단위의 [[유격전]]을 펼쳤고, 소련군은 도시지역과 주요 도로들만 장악했을 뿐 아프가니스탄 영토의 80%가를 차지하는 향촌지역은 소련군의 통제에서 벗어나 있었다.<ref name="Amstutz, J. Bruce 1986 p. 127">Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). ''Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation''. Washington D.C.: NDU Press, p. 127.</ref> 소련은 대규모 [[전략폭격]]을 감행하고 반군들의 피난처가 될 수 있는 시골 마을들을 밀어버리며 관개시설을 파괴하고 수백만 개의 지뢰를 매설하는 등 가혹행위를 자행했고 그 결과 반군과 민간인을 막론하고 수많은 아프가니스탄인들이 사상당했다.<ref name=LSA>{{cite journal|last1=Westermann|first1=Edward B.|title=The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion in Afghanistan, 1979-89|date=Fall 1999|volume=XIX|issue=2|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4356/5011|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref>Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Robert D. Kaplan, (New York : Vintage Departures, 2001. p.128) "... the farmer told Wakhil [Kaplan's translator] about all the irrigation ditches that had been blown up by fighter jets, and the flooding in the valley and malaria outbreak that followed. Malaria, which on the eve of Taraki's Communist coup in April 1978 was at the point of being eradicated in Afghanistan, had returned with a vengeance, thanks to the stagnant, mosquito-breeding pools caused by the widespread destruction of irrigation systems. Nangarhar [province] was rife with the disease. This was another relatively minor, tedious side effect of the Soviet invasion."</ref><ref name=TAYLOR-2014>{{cite journal|last1=TAYLOR|first1=ALAN|title=The Soviet War in Afghanistan, 1979 - 1989|journal=The Atlantic|date=Aug 4, 2014|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan-1979-1989/100786/|accessdate=3 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=nyt-14-8-1988>{{cite news|last1=PEAR|first1=ROBERT|title=MINES PUT AFGHANS IN PERIL ON RETURN|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/14/world/mines-put-afghans-in-peril-on-return.html|accessdate=15 July 2015|agency=New York Times|date=August 14, 1988|work=The New York Times}}</ref>