위키백과

사용자:기록/작업장 2010-1

< 사용자:기록
메이 (토론 | 기여)님의 2010년 5월 8일 (토) 20:11 판 (카놀라유와 건강)

틀:Otheruses

Bottle of canola cooking oil

Canola is one of two cultivars of rapeseed or Brassica campestris (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.).[1] Their seeds are used to produce edible oil that is fit for human consumption because it has lower levels of erucic acid than traditional rapeseed oils and to produce livestock feed because it has reduced levels of the toxic glucosinolates.[2] Canola was originally naturally bred from rapeseed in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s,[3][4] but it has a very different nutritional profile in addition to much less erucic acid.[5] The name "canola" was derived from "Canadian oil, low acid" in 1978.[6][7] A product known as LEAR (for low erucic acid rapeseed) derived from cross-breeding of multiple lines of Brassica juncea is also referred to as canola oil and is considered safe for consumption.[8]

History

 
Canola field in Temora, New South Wales
 
Canola field near Bindi Bindi Western Australia

Once considered a specialty crop in Canada, canola has become a major North American cash crop. Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million tonnes of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3 to 4 million tonnes of the seed, 700,000 tonnes of canola oil and 1 million tonnes of canola meal. The United States is a net consumer of canola oil. The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Mexico, China, and Europe. World production of rapeseed oil in the 2002–2003 season was about 14 million metric tons.[9]

Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization. The word "rape" in rapeseed comes from the Latin word "rapum," meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard and many other vegetables are related to the two canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. The negative associations due to the homophone "rape" resulted in creation of the more marketing-friendly name "Canola". The change in name also serves to distinguish it from regular rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content.

Hundreds of years ago, Asians and Europeans used rapeseed oil in lamps. As time progressed, people employed it as a cooking oil and added it to foods. Its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- or steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production.

After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Edible rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid. Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may cause heart damage, though Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.[10][11][12][13][14] Feed meal from the rapeseed plant was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called glucosinolates.

Plant breeders in Canada, where rapeseed had been grown (mainly in Saskatchewan) since 1936, worked to improve the quality of the plant. In 1968 Dr. Baldur Stefansson of the University of Manitoba used selective breeding to develop a variety of rapeseed low in erucic acid. In 1974 another variety was produced low in both erucic acid and glucosinolates; it was named Canola, from Canadian oil, low acid.

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant variety of Canola to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using genetic engineering.

An Oregon State University researcher has determined that growing winter canola for hybrid seed appears possible in central Oregon, USA. Canola is the highest-producing oil-seed crop, but the state prohibits it from being grown in Deschutes, Jefferson and Crook counties because it may attract bees away from specialty seed crops such as carrots, which require bees for pollination.

Canola was originally a trademark but is now a generic term for this variety of oil. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.[15]

Production in the rest of the world

Africa: In the South of the Republic of South Africa,Canola was planted for the first time in 1993 in the region called the Overberg near the town called Swellendam. Swellendam's farmer's Co-operative, SSK- Sentraal-Suid Koöperasie started a oil refinery called Southern Oil Limited(Soill),according to the Afrikaans newespaper Die Burger's article on the 24/07/2009 it is the only Canola refinery in South Africa and refines about 3 500 ton per month.

카놀라유와 건강

화합물 구분 구성비(%)
올레산
ω-9
61%[16]
리놀렌산
ω-6
21%[16]
알파-리놀렌산
ω-3
11%[16] 9%[17]
포화지방산
7%[16]
팔미트산
4%[17]
스테아르산
2%[17]
트랜스 지방
4%[17]

카놀라유는 포화지방이 적으며, 높은 불포화지방을 함유한다. 그리고 유익한 오메가3 지방산이 함유한다. en:Canola Council of Canada은 카놀라유는 완벽히 완전하며, 일반적인 조리유 중 가장 건강에 좋은 기름이라 말한다.[18]

카놀라유는 심장 건강에 좋은데,[19] 미국 영양협회(ADA)와 미심장협회(AHA)등을 포함하는 많은 건강 단체에서 인정한다.[20][21][22][23] 카놀라유는 美FDA(U.S. Food and Drug Administration)로 부터 심장병 예방을 공식적으로 인정받았으며,[24]이는 관상심장질환 위험을 줄이고, 불포화 지방산을 함유한다는 점에 근거한다.

카놀라유의 유해성에 대한 도시 전설

건강에 대한 카놀라유의 유해성을 주장하는 내용의 메일이 돌고 있다. 내용 중에는 확증이 없는 주장이 있을 수도 있으니 잘 생각해보아야 한다.[25][26][27]


유전자 조작

 
en:Saskatchewan의 카놀라 밭.

유전자 조작 카놀라는 제초제에 대한 내성을 지니며, 1995년 캐나다에서 처음 생산되었다. 오늘날 약 80%의 경지에서 유전자 조작 카놀라가 재배되고 있다.[28]

법적 쟁점

유전자 조작 카놀라는 법적 논쟁거리가 되어왔다. 이목을 끄는 사건이 있었는데, (en:몬산토 캐나다 대 슈마이저) 사건으로 몬산토와 en:퍼시 슈메이저간의 특허권 침해 소송이었다. 퍼시의 밭에서 몬산토의 en:글라이포세이트 내성 카놀라가 나왔다는 것이 발단이었다. 대법원은 퍼시의 밭에서 작물이 자라고 있으므로 몬산토의 특허를 침해한다고 판단하였다. 그러나 퍼시가 작물로 이익을 얻기 이전까지는 몬산토에 피해보상을 할 필요는 없다.[29] 퍼시는 유전자 오염에 대한 정화비용으로 660 캐나다달러를 청구하였으나, 몬산토가 이에 대하여 합의와 사건에 대한 상태 언급을 안하는 조건을 내걸었다. 퍼시는 이를 거부하고, 동일금액으로 법원에 소송을 제기하였다. 2008년 3월 19일 퍼시 슈메이저와 몬산토는 법정 밖에서 몬산토가 유전자 오염에 대한 정화비용으로 660 캐나다 달러를 지불하기로 합의하였다.[30]

유전자 조작 카놀라의 도입은 호주에서 상당한 논쟁을 불러 일으켰다.[31] 카놀라는 호주에서 세 번째로 많이 재배되는 작물인데, 간작작물로서 밀농사를 짓는 농부들이 땅의 힘을 북돋아주기 위해 자주 재배한다. 2008년 유전자 조작 작물은 호주에서 비식용작물인 카네이션, 면화가 있었다. 2003년에는 호주의 유전자 기술 위원들은 Glufosinate ammonium(제초제)에 내성을 지닌 카놀라를 승인했다.[32]

Other facts

틀:Trivia

See also

 Food 포털
 Foods.jpg 포털

References

  1. ↑ Brown, J; Thill DC; Brown AP; Mallory-Smith C; Brammer TA & Nair HS (1996). “Gene transfer between canola (Brassica napus L.) and related weed species”. 《Annals of Applied Biology》 129 (3): 513–22. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1996.tb05773.x. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ “Canola”. infoplease.com. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함. 
  3. ↑ “Richard Keith Downey: Genetics”. science.ca. 2007. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ Storgaard, AK (2008). “Stefansson, Baldur Rosmund”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ Barthet, V. “Canola”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ “What is canola?”. 《A problem with weeds – the canola story》. Biotechnology Australia (Australian Government). 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  7. ↑ Klahorst, Suanne J. (1998). “Dreaming of the Perfect Fat”. Food Product Design (Virgo Publishing). 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  8. ↑ “Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (Lear) Oil Derived From Canola-quality Brassica juncea (L.) CZERN. Lines PC 97-03, PC98-44 AND PC98-45”. Health Canada. 2008년 12월 29일에 확인함.  다음 글자 무시됨: ‘ 2003-03-27’ (도움말)
  9. ↑ USDA. “Agricultural Statistics 2005” (pdf). 
  10. ↑ Ghafoorunissa (1996). “Fats in Indian Diets and Their Nutritional and health Implications”. 《Lipids》 31: S287–S291. doi:10.1007/BF02637093. PMID 8729136. 
  11. ↑ Shenolikar, I (1980). “Fatty Acid Profile of Myocardial Lipid in Populations Consuming Different Dietary Fats”. 《Lipids》. 15(11): 980–982. 
  12. ↑ Bellenand, JF; Baloutch, G; Ong, N; Lecerf, J (1980). “Effects of Coconut Oil on Heart Lipids and on Fatty Acid Utilization in Rapeseed Oil”. 《Lipids》. 15(11): 938–943. 
  13. ↑ Achaya, KT (1987). “Fat Status of Indians - A Review”. 《Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research》 46: 112–126. 
  14. ↑ Indu, M; Ghafoorunissa (1992). “n-3 Fatty Acids in Indian Diets - Comparison of the Effects of Precursor (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) Vs Product (Long chain n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids)”. 《Nutrition Research》 12: 569–582. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80027-2. 
  15. ↑ “Canola Varieties”. 《Canola Growers Manual》. Canola Council of Canada. 2008년 4월 12일에 확인함. 
  16. ↑ 가 나 다 라 “Comparison of Dietary Fats Chart”. Canola Council of Canada. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  17. ↑ 가 나 다 라 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 (2008)
  18. ↑ “Canola Oil: The truth!”. Canola Council of Canada. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. Canola oil is the healthiest of all commonly used cooking oils. It is lowest in saturated fat, high in cholesterol-lowering mono-unsaturated fat and the best source of omega-3 fats of all popular oils. 
  19. ↑ de Lorgeril, M; Salen, P (2006년 2월 9일). “The Mediterranean-style diet for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases”. 《Public Health Nutr》: 118–23. 
  20. ↑ “Canola Oil: Good for Every Body” (PDF). American Dietetic Association. 2006. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  21. ↑ “Know Your Fats”. American Heart Association. 2008. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  22. ↑ “Protect Your Heart: Choose Fats Wisely” (PDF). American Diabetes Association. 2004. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  23. ↑ “AAFP 2006-Changing the Landscape of Chronic Disease Care”. American Association of Family Physicians 2006 Scientific Assembly. 2006. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  24. ↑ “Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion U.S. Food and Drug Administration”. 2006. 2008년 9월 3일에 확인함. 
  25. ↑ Mikkleson, Barbara and David P. (2005). “Urban Legends Reference Pages: Canola Oil and Rape Seed”. Snopes. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  26. ↑ Edell, Dean (1999). “Canola Oil: Latest Internet Hoax Victim”. Healthcentral.com. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  27. ↑ Zeratsky, Katherine (2009). “Canola Oil: Does it Contain Toxins?”. Mayo Clinic. 2010년 2월 19일에 확인함. 
  28. ↑ “Canola Facts: Why Growers Choose GM Canola”. 《Canola Quick Facts》. Canola Council of Canada. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. GM or transgenic canola varieties have been modified to be resistant to specific herbicides. They are called herbicide-resistant varieties. The plants are modified, but the oil is not modified. It is identical to canola oil from non-modified or conventional canola. Herbicide-resistant GM canola is grown on about 80% of the area in western Canada. GM canola was first introduced in 1995. 
  29. ↑ “Monsanto vs. Percy Schmeiser”. 2009년 3월 5일에 확인함. 
  30. ↑ “Monsanto vs Schmeiser: In the Spotlight...”. 2009년 3월 5일에 확인함. 
  31. ↑ for example Price, Libby (2005년 9월 6일). “Network of concerned farmers demands tests from Bayer”. 《ABC Rural: Victoria》 (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2007년 10월 10일에 확인함.  and “Greenpeace has the last laugh on genetic grains talks”. 《Rural news》 (Australian Broadcaasting Corporation). 2003년 3월 13일. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함.  also Cauchi, Stephen (2003년 10월 25일). “GM: food for thought”. 《Science article》 (The Age). 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  32. ↑ “GM canola gets the green light”. 《National News》 (Sydney Morning Herald). 2003년 4월 1일. 2007년 10월 20일에 확인함. 
  33. ↑ Fats that Heal, Fats that Killby Udo Erasmus.
  34. ↑ Canola Council of Canada - Canola Facts: Why Growers Choose GM Canola
  35. ↑ http://www.nass.usda.gov/nd/marrank.txt
 
위키미디어 공용에 관련된
미디어 자료가 있습니다.


틀:Fatsandoils ko:유채

원본 주소 "https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=사용자:기록/작업장_2010-1&oldid=5053006"