의문전향의 마음

의문전향의 마음(意門轉向心, 팔리어: manodvārāvajjanacitta 마노-드와-라-왓자나 찟따, mano-dvārāvajjana 마노-드와-라-왓자나, 영어: mind-door adverting consciousness, mind-door directing consciousness)^[1]^[2]은 특히 상좌부의 교학과 아비담마에서 사용하는 용어이다. 아비담마에 따르면, 인식과정의 단계는 크게 대체적인 인식단계와 세부적인 인식단계의 두 그룹으로 나눌 수 있는데, 의문전향의 마음은 대체적인 인식단계의 마지막 단계에서 일어나는 마음이다.

대상이 감각적 대상인 경우의 인식과정, 즉, 감각기관(5근)이 감각적 대상(5경)과 만날 때 일어나는 인식과정 중 대체적인 인식단계의 마지막 단계에서 일어나는 일어나는 마음은 '의문전향의 마음'이라는 용어가 뜻하는 작용과는 다른 작용을 한다. 감각적 대상에 대해 대체적인 인식을 완결하는 작용을 한다. 이 때문에 감각적 대상의 경우에서 일어나는 마음을 '의문전향의 마음'이라 부르지 않고 결정하는 마음(팔리어: votthapanacitta, 영어: determining consciousness)이라 부른다.^[1]

대상이 정신적 대상인 경우의 인식과정, 즉, 의근이 정신적 대상(법경)과 만날 때 일어나는 인식과정 중 대체적인 인식단계의 마지막 단계에서 일어나는 마음은 이후의 마음의 흐름이 그 정신적 대상을 향하도록 흐르게 하는 작용을 한다. 이 때문에 의문전향의 마음, 즉, 의문(意門, 팔리어: manodvārā, 영어: mind-door) 즉 의근의 문 즉 의근이 대상과 만난 지점으로 이후의 마음의 흐름을 전향(轉向, 팔리어: vajjana, 영어: averting, directing)시키는 마음이라고 한다.^[1]^[3]

아비담마에 따르면, 의문전향의 마음은 의식(意識, 팔리어: mano-viññāṇa 마노-윈냐-나, 마노의 알음알이) 즉 제6의식 즉 '18계 중 의식계(mind-consciousness element)'에 속한 유형의 마음이다. 제6의식은, 18계(十八界)에서의 분류상, 당연히 마음인 6식에 속하고 또한 다른 한편으로는 7심계(七心界)에 속한다. 즉, 크게 보았을 때의 마음(心, citta)에 속한다. 따라서, 인식과정의 특정 단계 즉 대체적인 인식단계의 마지막 단계에서 일어나는 제6의식에 비록 두 가지 작용이 있지만, 전5식은 비록 마음이지만 몸에 귀속시킬 수 있음에 비해 제6의식은 몸에 귀속시킬 수 없고 정신(마음)에 귀속되므로 정신적 대상에 무게를 두어, 즉, 두 작용 중 의문전향(意門轉向)이라는 작용에 무게를 두어 '의문전향의 마음'이라 이름 붙인 것이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 오문전향(五門轉向)에 대비가 되도록 이름 붙인 것이라 할 수 있다.

의문전향의 마음은 다음의 분류 또는 체계에 속한다.

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감각적 대상의 인식과정과 의문전향의 마음 편집

감각적 대상의 인식과정, 즉, 전5식의 대상 즉 색경 · 성경 · 미경 · 향경 · 촉경이 해당하는 근 즉 안근 · 이근 · 비근 · 설근 · 신근 앞에 나타날 때의 인식과정 중 초기 6단계는 아비담마에 따르면 다음과 같다. 초기 6단계를 통해 그 감각적 대상을 대략적으로 인식하며, 그 감각적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지에는 이후 여러 단계가 더 진행된다.^[4]^[5]

색경(색깔과 모양) 즉 '18계 중 색계'에 속한 한 감각적 대상이 눈(안근) 즉 '18계 중 안계' 앞에 나타난다.
오문전향의 마음 즉 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계'가 일어나서 이후의 마음의 흐름, 즉, 이 경우에는 안식의 흐름이 그 감각적 대상으로 흐르게 한다.
안식 즉 '안근의 알음알이' 즉 '눈의 알음알이' 즉 '18계 중 안식계'가 감각적 대상을 본다. 즉, 안식이 자신의 본질인 봄 즉 '보는 작용'을 행한다.
받아들이는 마음 즉 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계'가 일어나서 바로 앞 단계에서 발생한 식의 대상, 즉, 여기서는 안식의 대상, 즉, 감각적 대상을 받아들인다.
조사하는 마음 즉 의식 즉 제6의식 즉 '의근의 알음알이' 즉 '18계 중 의식계'가 일어나서 감각적 대상을 조사한다.
의문전향의 마음 즉 의식 즉 제6의식 즉 의근의 알음알이 즉 '18계 중 의식계'가 일어나서 그 감각적 대상이 좋은지 나쁜지 결정한다. 이 때의 의문전향의 마음을 다른 이름으로는 결정하는 마음이라고 한다. 즉, 이 단계에서 그 감각적 대상을 대략적으로 알게 된다. 즉, 대략적인 인식이 발생한다. 이 인식과 더불어 이 단계에서 느낌이 고수 · 낙수 · 불고불락수의 3수 중 하나로 확정된다. 또는, 보다 세밀하게는, 고수 · 낙수 · 희수 · 우수 · 사수의 5수 중 하나로 확정된다. 의문전향의 마음 그 자체는 사수와 함께하지만 이후의 마음은 확정된 느낌과 함께한다.
이후 그 감각적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지의 여러 단계가 진행된다.

정신적 대상의 인식과정과 의문전향의 마음 편집

정신적 대상의 인식과정, 즉, 정신적 대상이 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계' 앞에 나타날 때의 초기 2단계는 다음과 같다. 이후 그 정신적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지에는 여러 단계가 더 진행된다.^[4]

법경 즉 '18계 중 법계'에 속한 한 정신적 대상이 의근 즉 '18계 중 의계' 앞에 나타난다.
의문전향의 마음 즉 의식 즉 제6의식 즉 의근의 알음알이 즉 '18계 중 의식계'가 일어나서 이후의 마음의 흐름, 즉, 이 경우에는 의식의 흐름 즉 제6의식의 흐름이 그 정신적 대상으로 흐르게 한다. 또한 이 단계에서 그 정신적 대상이 좋은지 나쁜지 결정한다. 즉, 느낌이 고수 · 낙수 · 불고불락수의 3수 하나로 확정된다. 보다 정확히는, 고수 · 낙수 · 희수 · 우수 · 사수의 5수 중 정신적 느낌인 희수 · 우수 · 사수 중 하나로 확정된다. 의문전향의 마음 그 자체는 사수와 함께하지만 이후의 마음은 확정된 느낌과 함께한다.
이후 그 정신적 대상을 세부적으로 명확히 인식하기까지의 여러 단계가 진행된다.

같이 보기 편집

오문전향의 마음

각주 편집

↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.38.
Mind-door adverting consciousness (manodvārāvajjanacitta): This type of consciousness can arise either in a cognitive process occurring at the five sense doors or in a process occurring at the mind door. In each case, it performs a different function. When it occurs in a five-door process, it is called votthapanacitta, “determining consciousness.” Its function then is to determine, or define, the object that has been cognized by sense consciousness. In the five-door process, determining consciousness follows the investigating consciousness. After the investigating consciousness has examined the object, the determining consciousness discriminates it. In a mind-door process — a cognitive process that occurs through the internal ideation faculty — this same type of consciousness performs another function. Its function then is to advert to the object appearing at the mind door. In such a role, this citta is known as “the mind-door adverting consciousness.”
↑ Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.38
Then mano-dvārāvajjana (mind-door directing consciousness) determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.
↑ Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.40.
When the sense or thought-object appears at the mind-door, it is mano-dvārāvajjana which takes notice of the sense object and directs consciousness towards the sense object.
↑ ^가 ^나 Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.37~38.
Five-sense-door adverting consciousness (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta): When an external sense object impinges on one of the five physical sense organs, before the appropriate sense consciousness can arise — for example, eye-consciousness seeing a form —, another consciousness must have arisen first. This consciousness is the fivesense- door adverting consciousness (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta), which has the function of adverting (āvajjana)³¹ to whatever object is presenting itself at one of the five sense doors (dvāra). This consciousness does not see, hear, smell, taste, or touch the object. It simply turns to the object, thereby enabling the sense consciousness to arise in immediate succession.³²
³¹ This is the turning of the mind towards an object. Āvajjana forms the first stage in the process of consciousness. When an object of the five physical senses is involved, it is called “five-sense-door adverting consciousness” (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta); in the case of a mental object, “mind-door adverting consciousness” (manodvārāvajjanacitta). Cf, Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 30—31.
³² A single unit of sense perception (for example, visual consciousness), being conditioned through a sense organ and its corresponding object, forms in reality an extremely complex process, in which all the single phases of consciousness follow one another in rapid succession, performing their respective functions, for example:
“As soon as a visible object has entered the range of vision, it acts on the sensitive eye-organ (cakkhu-pasāda), and, conditioned thereby, an excitation of the subconscious stream (bhavanga-sota) takes place.
“As soon, however, as subconsciousness is broken off, the functional mind element, grasping the object and breaking through the subconscious stream, performs the function of ‘adverting’ (āvajjana) the mind towards the object.
“Immediately thereupon, there arises at the eye-door, and based upon the sensitive eye-organ, the eye-consciousness, while performing the function of ‘seeing’ (dassana)…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the mind-element, performing the function of ‘receiving’ (sampaṭicchana) the object of that consciousness…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises…the mind-consciousness element, while ‘investigating’ (santīraṇa) the object received by the mind-element…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the functional, rootless mind-consciousness-element, accompanied by indifference, while performing the function of ‘determining’ (votthapana) the object…
“Now, if the object is large, then immediately afterwards there flash forth six or seven ‘impulsive moments’ (javana-citta), constituted by one of the eight wholesome (kusala) or twelve unwholesome (akusala) or nine functional (kiriya or kriyā) classes of consciousness.
“Now, if, at the end of the impulsive moments, the object at the five-sense doors is very large and at the mind-door clear, then there arises, once or twice, one of the eight root-accompanied kamma-resultant classes of consciousness of the sense-sphere, or one of the three rootless kamma-resultant mindconsciousness- elements… Because this consciousness, after the vanishing of the impulsive moments, possesses the faculty continuing with the object of the subconsciousness, taking the object of the subconsciousness as its own object, thereby, it is called ‘registering’ (tadārammaṇa, literally, ‘that object’ or ‘having that as object’).” (Visuddhimagga XIV, 115ff.)
If, however, the sense-object is weak, then it reaches merely the stage of “impulsion” (javana), or of “determining” (votthapana); if very weak, only an excitation of the subconsciousness takes place.
The process of the inner, or mind, consciousness, that is, without participation of the five physical senses, is as follows: in the case that the mind-object entering the mind-door is distinct, then it passes through the stages of “adverting at the mind-door” (manodvārāvajjana), “the impulsive stage,” and “the registering stage,” before finally sinking into the subconscious stream. Cf, Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 227—228.
↑
Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. pp.37~38.
IMMORAL RESULTANT CONSCIOUSNESS (Akusala Vipāka Citta)
The seven akusala vipāka cittas are given the following symbols and names.
```
cakkhu      ghāna       kāya        santī
   —    —     —     —     ^     —     —
       sota       jivhā       sampa
```
1 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ cakkhuviññāṇaṁ
eye-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
2 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sotaviññāṇaṁ
ear-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
3 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ ghānaviññāṇaṁ
nose-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
4 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ jivhāviññāṇaṁ
tongue-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
5 Dukkha-sahagataṁ kāyaviññāṇaṁ
body-consciousness accompanied by painful feeling.
6 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sampaṭicchana-cittaṁ
receiving consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
7 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ santīraṇa-cittaṁ
investigating-consciousness accompanied by indifference.

Of the seven cittas mentioned above, the first five are known as pañca-viññāna, i.e., five cittas that are conscious of the five senses. The last two, i.e., sampaṭicchana-citta and santīraṇa-citta, represent two connecting stages in the process of cognition (awareness of an object).
For example, when a visible object appears in the eye, a series of consciousness has to arise and perish in order to see the object. First pañca-dvārāvajjana (five-door directing consciousness) directs the consciousness stream towards the object. Then cakkhu-viññāṇa (eye consciousness) sees the object and transmits it to the next consciousness.
Then sampaṭicchana (receiving consciousness) receives the sense object. Then santīraṇa (investigating consciousness) investigates the sense object. Then mano-dvārāvajjana (mind-door directing consciousness) determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.
Similarly, when an audible voice strikes the eardrum, a series of consciousness, i.e., pañca-dvārāvajjana, sotaviññāṇa, sampaṭichana, santīraṇa, mano-dvārāvajjana, etc., has to arise and perish before we can hear the voice.
Thus sampaṭicchana-citta, santīraṇa citta together with pañca dvārāvajjana citta and mano-dvārāvajjana citta are essential for cognition of the senses at the five sense-doors (eye, ear, nose, tongue and body).

[의문전향의_마음-Bhikkhu1-1] 가 ^나 ^다 Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.38.
Mind-door adverting consciousness (manodvārāvajjanacitta): This type of consciousness can arise either in a cognitive process occurring at the five sense doors or in a process occurring at the mind door. In each case, it performs a different function. When it occurs in a five-door process, it is called votthapanacitta, “determining consciousness.” Its function then is to determine, or define, the object that has been cognized by sense consciousness. In the five-door process, determining consciousness follows the investigating consciousness. After the investigating consciousness has examined the object, the determining consciousness discriminates it. In a mind-door process — a cognitive process that occurs through the internal ideation faculty — this same type of consciousness performs another function. Its function then is to advert to the object appearing at the mind door. In such a role, this citta is known as “the mind-door adverting consciousness.”

[2] Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.38
Then mano-dvārāvajjana (mind-door directing consciousness) determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.

[3] Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. p.40.
When the sense or thought-object appears at the mind-door, it is mano-dvārāvajjana which takes notice of the sense object and directs consciousness towards the sense object.

[인식과정-Bodhi1-4] 가 ^나 Bhikkhu Bodhi & Allan R. Bomhard (2007). 《A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma》. Charleston Buddhist Fellowship. p.37~38.
Five-sense-door adverting consciousness (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta): When an external sense object impinges on one of the five physical sense organs, before the appropriate sense consciousness can arise — for example, eye-consciousness seeing a form —, another consciousness must have arisen first. This consciousness is the fivesense- door adverting consciousness (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta), which has the function of adverting (āvajjana)³¹ to whatever object is presenting itself at one of the five sense doors (dvāra). This consciousness does not see, hear, smell, taste, or touch the object. It simply turns to the object, thereby enabling the sense consciousness to arise in immediate succession.³²
³¹ This is the turning of the mind towards an object. Āvajjana forms the first stage in the process of consciousness. When an object of the five physical senses is involved, it is called “five-sense-door adverting consciousness” (pañcadvārāvajjanacitta); in the case of a mental object, “mind-door adverting consciousness” (manodvārāvajjanacitta). Cf, Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 30—31.
³² A single unit of sense perception (for example, visual consciousness), being conditioned through a sense organ and its corresponding object, forms in reality an extremely complex process, in which all the single phases of consciousness follow one another in rapid succession, performing their respective functions, for example:
“As soon as a visible object has entered the range of vision, it acts on the sensitive eye-organ (cakkhu-pasāda), and, conditioned thereby, an excitation of the subconscious stream (bhavanga-sota) takes place.
“As soon, however, as subconsciousness is broken off, the functional mind element, grasping the object and breaking through the subconscious stream, performs the function of ‘adverting’ (āvajjana) the mind towards the object.
“Immediately thereupon, there arises at the eye-door, and based upon the sensitive eye-organ, the eye-consciousness, while performing the function of ‘seeing’ (dassana)…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the mind-element, performing the function of ‘receiving’ (sampaṭicchana) the object of that consciousness…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises…the mind-consciousness element, while ‘investigating’ (santīraṇa) the object received by the mind-element…
“Immediately thereafter, there arises the functional, rootless mind-consciousness-element, accompanied by indifference, while performing the function of ‘determining’ (votthapana) the object…
“Now, if the object is large, then immediately afterwards there flash forth six or seven ‘impulsive moments’ (javana-citta), constituted by one of the eight wholesome (kusala) or twelve unwholesome (akusala) or nine functional (kiriya or kriyā) classes of consciousness.
“Now, if, at the end of the impulsive moments, the object at the five-sense doors is very large and at the mind-door clear, then there arises, once or twice, one of the eight root-accompanied kamma-resultant classes of consciousness of the sense-sphere, or one of the three rootless kamma-resultant mindconsciousness- elements… Because this consciousness, after the vanishing of the impulsive moments, possesses the faculty continuing with the object of the subconsciousness, taking the object of the subconsciousness as its own object, thereby, it is called ‘registering’ (tadārammaṇa, literally, ‘that object’ or ‘having that as object’).” (Visuddhimagga XIV, 115ff.)
If, however, the sense-object is weak, then it reaches merely the stage of “impulsion” (javana), or of “determining” (votthapana); if very weak, only an excitation of the subconsciousness takes place.
The process of the inner, or mind, consciousness, that is, without participation of the five physical senses, is as follows: in the case that the mind-object entering the mind-door is distinct, then it passes through the stages of “adverting at the mind-door” (manodvārāvajjana), “the impulsive stage,” and “the registering stage,” before finally sinking into the subconscious stream. Cf, Nyanatiloka, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (fourth revised edition [1980]), pp. 227—228.

[인식과정-MTM1-5] Mehm Tin Mon (2015). 《The Essence of Buddha Abhidhamma》. Third edition. Mehm Tay Zar Mon, Mya Mon Yadanar Literature. pp.37~38.
IMMORAL RESULTANT CONSCIOUSNESS (Akusala Vipāka Citta)
The seven akusala vipāka cittas are given the following symbols and names.
cakkhu ghāna kāya santī — — — — ^ — — sota jivhā sampa

1 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ cakkhuviññāṇaṁ
eye-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
2 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sotaviññāṇaṁ
ear-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
3 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ ghānaviññāṇaṁ
nose-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
4 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ jivhāviññāṇaṁ
tongue-consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
5 Dukkha-sahagataṁ kāyaviññāṇaṁ
body-consciousness accompanied by painful feeling.
6 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ sampaṭicchana-cittaṁ
receiving consciousness accompanied by neutral feeling.
7 Upekkhā-sahagataṁ santīraṇa-cittaṁ
investigating-consciousness accompanied by indifference.

Of the seven cittas mentioned above, the first five are known as pañca-viññāna, i.e., five cittas that are conscious of the five senses. The last two, i.e., sampaṭicchana-citta and santīraṇa-citta, represent two connecting stages in the process of cognition (awareness of an object).
For example, when a visible object appears in the eye, a series of consciousness has to arise and perish in order to see the object. First pañca-dvārāvajjana (five-door directing consciousness) directs the consciousness stream towards the object. Then cakkhu-viññāṇa (eye consciousness) sees the object and transmits it to the next consciousness.
Then sampaṭicchana (receiving consciousness) receives the sense object. Then santīraṇa (investigating consciousness) investigates the sense object. Then mano-dvārāvajjana (mind-door directing consciousness) determines the sense object whether it is good or bad. We are aware of the sense object roughly at this stage.
Similarly, when an audible voice strikes the eardrum, a series of consciousness, i.e., pañca-dvārāvajjana, sotaviññāṇa, sampaṭichana, santīraṇa, mano-dvārāvajjana, etc., has to arise and perish before we can hear the voice.
Thus sampaṭicchana-citta, santīraṇa citta together with pañca dvārāvajjana citta and mano-dvārāvajjana citta are essential for cognition of the senses at the five sense-doors (eye, ear, nose, tongue and body).

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